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Jaffa

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="Jaffa_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Jaffa (disambiguation)">Jaffa (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

Jaffa (<a href="Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: יָפוֹ, <a href="Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: Yāfō, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">

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</style>pronounced [jaˈfo] <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/35\/He-Yafo.ogg\/He-Yafo.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"He-Yafo.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/35/He-Yafo.ogg/He-Yafo.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a>ⓘ; <a href="Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: يَافَا, <a href="Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: Yāfā, pronounced [ˈjaːfaː]), also called Japho, Joppa or Joppe in English, is an ancient <a href="Levantine_Sea" title="Levantine Sea">Levantine</a> port city which is part of <a href="Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv-Yafo</a>, <a href="Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, located in its southern part. The city sits atop a naturally elevated outcrop on the <a href="Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> coastline.

Excavations at Jaffa indicate that the city was settled as early as the <a href="Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Early Bronze Age</a>. The city is referenced in several ancient <a href="Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptian</a> and <a href="Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Assyrian</a> documents. Biblically, Jaffa is noted as one of the boundaries of the <a href="Tribe_of_Dan" title="Tribe of Dan">tribe of Dan</a> and as a port through which <a href="Cedrus_libani" title="Cedrus libani">Lebanese cedars</a> were imported for the construction of the <a href="Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple in Jerusalem</a>. Under <a href="Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persian</a> rule, Jaffa was given to the <a href="Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicians</a>. The city features in the biblical story of <a href="Jonah" title="Jonah">Jonah</a> and the Greek legend of <a href="Andromeda_(mythology)" title="Andromeda (mythology)">Andromeda</a>. Later, the city served as the major port of <a href="Hasmonean_Judea" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasmonean Judea">Hasmonean Judea</a>. However, its importance declined during the <a href="Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> period due to the construction of <a href="Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea</a>.

Jaffa was contested during the <a href="Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a>, when it presided over the <a href="County_of_Jaffa_and_Ascalon" title="County of Jaffa and Ascalon">County of Jaffa and Ascalon</a>. It is associated with the 1192 <a href="Battle_of_Jaffa_(1192)" title="Battle of Jaffa (1192)">Battle of Jaffa</a> and subsequent <a href="Treaty_of_Jaffa_(1192)" title="Treaty of Jaffa (1192)">Treaty of Jaffa</a>, a truce between <a href="Richard_the_Lionheart" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard the Lionheart">Richard the Lionheart</a> and <a href="Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a>, as well as a later <a href="Treaty_of_Jaffa_(1229)" title="Treaty of Jaffa (1229)">1229 peace treaty</a>. In 1799, Napoleon also sacked the town in the <a href="Siege_of_Jaffa" title="Siege of Jaffa">Siege of Jaffa</a>, and in the <a href="First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> the British took the city in the 1917 <a href="Battle_of_Jaffa_(1917)" title="Battle of Jaffa (1917)">Battle of Jaffa</a>, and under their watch, as part of <a href="Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a>, ethnic tensions culminated in the 1921 <a href="Jaffa_riots" title="Jaffa riots">Jaffa riots</a>.

As an Arab majority city in the Ottoman era, Jaffa became known starting from the 19th century for its expansive orchards and fruits, including its namesake <a href="Jaffa_orange" title="Jaffa orange">Jaffa orange</a>. It was also a <a href="History_of_Palestinian_journalism" title="History of Palestinian journalism">Palestinian hub for journalism</a> in Mandatory Palestine in the 20th century, where <a href="Falastin" title="Falastin">Falastin</a> and <a href="Al-Difa'" title="Al-Difa'">Al-Difa'</a> newspapers were established. After the <a href="1948_Palestine_War" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 Palestine War">1948 Palestine War</a>, most of its Arab population <a href="1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">fled or were expelled</a>, and the city became part of then newly established state of Israel, and was unified into a single municipality with Tel Aviv in 1950. Today, Jaffa is one of Israel's <a href="Mixed_cities" title="Mixed cities">mixed cities</a>, with approximately 37% of the city being Arab.<a href="#cite_note-Lior_2011-1">[1]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div>

The town was mentioned in <a href="Egypt" title="Egypt">Egyptian</a> sources and the <a href="Amarna_letters" title="Amarna letters">Amarna letters</a> as Yapu. <a href="Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">Mythology</a> says that it is named for <a href="Japheth" title="Japheth">Yafet</a> (Japheth), one of the sons of <a href="Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a>, the one who built it after the <a href="Genesis_flood_narrative" title="Genesis flood narrative">Flood</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> The <a href="Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenist</a> tradition links the name to Iopeia, or <a href="Cassiopeia_(Queen_of_Aethiopia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cassiopeia (Queen of Aethiopia)">Cassiopeia</a>, mother of <a href="Andromeda_(mythology)" title="Andromeda (mythology)">Andromeda</a>. An outcropping of rocks near the harbor is reputed to have been the place where Andromeda was rescued by Perseus. <a href="Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> associated the name with Iopa, daughter of <a href="Aeolus" title="Aeolus">Aeolus</a>, god of the wind. The medieval <a href="Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> geographer <a href="Al-Muqaddasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Muqaddasi">al-Muqaddasi</a> referred to it as Yaffa.<a href="#cite_note-Strange550-4">[4]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Timeline_of_Jaffa" title="Timeline of Jaffa">Timeline of Jaffa</a> and <a href="Old_Jaffa" title="Old Jaffa">Old Jaffa</a></div>

Ancient Jaffa was built on a 40 metres (130 ft) high <a href="Kurkar" title="Kurkar">kurkar</a> sandstone ridge,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> with a broad view of the coastline, giving it a strategic importance in military history.<a href="#cite_note-UCLA-6">[6]</a> The <a href="Tell_(archaeology)" title="Tell (archaeology)">tell</a> of Jaffa, created through the accumulation of debris and landfill over the centuries, made the hill even higher.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_and_Middle_Bronze_Ages">Early and Middle Bronze Ages</h3></div>

The earliest evidence of human occupation at Jaffa is a small number of potsherds dated to the Early Bronze Age I (4th millennium BCE). The scarcity of material from this period is likely due to early remains being deeply buried beneath later occupational layers. During the Early Bronze Age III (c. 2850–2400 BCE), trade relations developed between the <a href="Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom of Egypt</a> and the city of <a href="Byblos" title="Byblos">Byblos</a> (in present-day <a href="Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>). Although there is no direct archaeological or historical evidence, scholars have suggested that Jaffa’s natural harbor may have served this trade network.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurke201164-7">[7]</a>

The earliest significant settlement remains at the site date to the 18th century BCE. Jaffa thus forms part of a broader pattern of settlements, comprising small villages, fortresses, and watchtowers, established in the central <a href="Israeli_coastal_plain" title="Israeli coastal plain">coastal plain</a> during this period, including sites such as <a href="Antipatris" title="Antipatris">Tel Aphek</a>, <a href="Tel_Gerisa" title="Tel Gerisa">Tel Gerisa</a>, and <a href="Yavne-Yam" title="Yavne-Yam">Yavne-Yam</a>. Excavations in Areas B–D on the northern slope of the mound revealed fortifications, including an earthen rampart that likely supported a mudbrick superstructure, which has not survived. Additional fortification elements, including traces of a gate dated to the 17th–16th centuries BCE, were uncovered in Area A on the eastern slope. These features are characteristic of Middle Bronze Age sites in the <a href="Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>. The settlement at Jaffa was relatively modest in scale, covering approximately three hectares, but occupied a strategic position along maritime trade routes connecting the Levant, <a href="Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egypt</a>, and <a href="Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>. Evidence of this trade includes imported Middle Cypriot pottery types, such as Black-on-Red Ware and White-Painted Ware, as well as Egyptian <a href="Hyksos" title="Hyksos">Hyksos</a> <a href="Scarab_(artifact)" title="Scarab (artifact)">scarabs</a> discovered at the site.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurke201165-67-8">[8]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_Bronze">Late Bronze</h3></div>

During most of the Late Bronze Age, Jaffa came under the imperial control of <a href="New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">Egypt's New Kingdom</a>. It is listed among the cities conquered by <a href="Thutmose_III" title="Thutmose III">Thutmose III</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1479 – 1425 BCE) of the <a href="Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Eighteenth Dynasty</a>, whose campaigns in the Levant are generally dated to the late 16th through early 15th centuries BCE. Jaffa likely served as a ḥtm-base—a fortified harbor used to monitor movement along the coast.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurke201168-9">[9]</a>

The next known reference to Jaffa appears in <a href="Papyrus_Harris_500" title="Papyrus Harris 500">Papyrus Harris 500</a>, which contains a partially preserved tale known as <a href="The_Taking_of_Joppa" title="The Taking of Joppa">The Taking of Joppa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> The story recounts a Canaanite revolt against Egyptian rule. According to the account, the rebel leader left Jaffa—possibly to acquire supplies—and encountered the <a href="Djehuty_(general)" title="Djehuty (general)">Egyptian general Djehuty</a>, who killed him. Djehuty then tricked the remaining rebels by hiding 200 soldiers in sacks, which were transported into the city under the guise of goods. Once inside, the soldiers emerged and captured Jaffa, apparently without a fight. This tale bears a striking resemblance to the later <a href="Greek_literature" title="Greek literature">Greek</a> story of the <a href="Trojan_Horse" title="Trojan Horse">Trojan Horse</a>, as recounted by <a href="Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>, although it predates it by at least two centuries. The historicity of the story is questionable, considering its folkloristic character, but scholars have noted it may have conveyed historical memory, echoing Jaffa's importance to the Egyptian rule in the 15th century BCE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurke201168-69-11">[11]</a>

Jaffa maintained its strategic importance as attested by the mid-14th century BCE <a href="Amarna_letters" title="Amarna letters">Amarna letters</a>. It served as residence for Egyptian officials and as the administrative center of the central coastal plain. The site is mentioned under its Egyptian name Yapu, along its royal <a href="Granary" title="Granary">granaries</a>. During that period, Amarna Letter EA 138 implied that the Pharaoh suggested <a href="Rib-Hadda" title="Rib-Hadda">Rib-Hadda</a>, the king of <a href="Byblos" title="Byblos">Byblos</a> to seek refuge in the residence of an Egyptian official named Api. A clay-inscribed letter from the 12th century BCE found at the "Governor's Palace" (Building 1104) at the nearby <a href="Antipatris" title="Antipatris">Tel Aphek</a>, which served as a Royal-agricultural estate, recounts the supply of 12,000 to 15,000 liters of wheat to Jaffa. These were received by a man named Tur-šimati, likely an Egyptian official.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurke201169-70-12">[12]</a>

Archaeological investigations in Jaffa have revealed massive fortifications and a monumental gateway from this period, nicknamed "Ramesses Gate", as well as a temple titled the "Lion Temple". Numerous Egyptian artifacts such as <a href="Scarab_(artifact)" title="Scarab (artifact)">scarabs</a> were found, attesting to Egyptian cultural influences.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurke201169-70-12">[12]</a>

In the <a href="Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>, Jaffa is depicted as the northernmost <a href="Philistines" title="Philistines">Philistine</a> city, bordering the <a href="Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelite</a> territories – more specifically those of <a href="Tribe_of_Dan" title="Tribe of Dan">Tribe of Dan</a> (hence the modern term "<a href="Gush_Dan" title="Gush Dan">Gush Dan</a>" for the center of the coastal plain). The Israelites did not manage to take Jaffa from the Philistines.<a href="#cite_note-:2-13">[13]</a>

Jaffa is mentioned four times in the <a href="Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>:<a href="#cite_note-Shelley22-14">[14]</a>: 271 as the northernmost <a href="Philistines" title="Philistines">Philistine</a> city by the coast, bordering the territory of the Tribe of <a href="Dan_(son_of_Jacob)" title="Dan (son of Jacob)">Dan</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Joshua%2019:46&version=nrsv">Joshua 19:46</a>); as port-of-entry for the <a href="Lebanon_Cedar" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebanon Cedar">cedars of Lebanon</a> for <a href="Solomon's_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">Solomon's Temple</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Chronicles%202:16&version=nrsv">2 Chronicles 2:16</a>); as the place whence the prophet <a href="Jonah" title="Jonah">Jonah</a> embarked for <a href="Tarshish" title="Tarshish">Tarshish</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Jonah%201:3&version=nrsv">Jonah 1:3</a>); and again as port-of-entry for the cedars of Lebanon for the <a href="Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a> of Jerusalem (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ezra%203:7&version=nrsv">Ezra 3:7</a>).

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Assyrian_period">Assyrian period</h5></div>

In the late 8th century BCE, <a href="Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a>, king of <a href="Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a>, recorded conquering Jaffa from its sovereign, the <a href="Philistines" title="Philistines">Philistine</a> king of <a href="Ashkelon" title="Ashkelon">Ashkelon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-13">[13]</a> After a period of <a href="Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Babylonian occupation</a>, under <a href="Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persian rule</a>, Jaffa was governed by <a href="Phoenicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenicians">Phoenicians</a> from Tyre.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_antiquity">Classical antiquity</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Maccabee_campaigns_of_163_BC#Coastal_Greek_towns" title="Maccabee campaigns of 163 BC">Maccabee coastal Greek towns campaign of 163</a></div>

Jaffa is not mentioned in <a href="Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>'s coastal campaign, but during the <a href="Wars_of_the_Diadochi" title="Wars of the Diadochi">Wars of the Diadochi</a>, <a href="Antigonus_I_Monophthalmus" title="Antigonus I Monophthalmus">Antigonus Monophthalmus</a> captured Jaffa in 315 BCE. <a href="Ptolemy_I_Soter" title="Ptolemy I Soter">Ptolemy I Soter</a> later destroyed it in 312 BCE. Despite this, Jaffa was resettled and became a <a href="Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic</a> mint site in the third century BCE. Archaeological evidence from this period includes a watchtower and numerous stamped amphora handles.<a href="#cite_note-:3-15">[15]</a> Additionally, the city is mentioned in several <a href="Zenon_Papyri" class="mw-redirect" title="Zenon Papyri">Zeno papyri</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-16">[16]</a> The area was transferred to <a href="Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid</a> control after the Battle of Paneas in 198 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-:3-15">[15]</a>

According to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Maccabees%2012:3–6&version=nrsvae">2 Maccabees 12:3–6</a>, probably in the 163–162 BCE years during the <a href="Maccabees" title="Maccabees">Maccabean revolt</a>, Jaffa's non-Jewish inhabitants invited its Jewish foreign residents onto boats, subsequently sinking them and drowning hundreds. In retaliation, <a href="Judas_Maccabeus" title="Judas Maccabeus">Judas Maccabeus</a> attacked Jaffa, setting the harbor on fire, destroying ships, and killing many inhabitants, though he did not attempt to hold the city. By 147–146 BCE, his brother <a href="Jonathan_Apphus" title="Jonathan Apphus">Jonathan Apphus</a> expelled the garrison of Seleucid king <a href="Demetrius_II_Nicator" title="Demetrius II Nicator">Demetrius II</a> from Jaffa but did not conquer the city. In 143 BCE, <a href="Simon_Thassi" title="Simon Thassi">Simon Thassi</a> established a garrison in Jaffa, expelled the non-Jewish inhabitants to prevent them from collaborating with the Seleucid commander Tryphon, and fortified the city. During the operations of <a href="Antiochus_VII_Sidetes" title="Antiochus VII Sidetes">Antiochus VII Sidetes</a> in Judaea, he demanded the surrender of Jaffa among other cities. Simon negotiated a settlement by agreeing to pay a smaller tribute.<a href="#cite_note-:3-15">[15]</a> Simon's capture of Jaffa is earlier praised in <a href="1_Maccabees" title="1 Maccabees">1 Maccabees</a> because of the city's strategic importance as a port.<a href="#cite_note-:3-15">[15]</a>

In the <a href="Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Hasmonean</a> period, the city was fortified and served as the main port of Judaea.<a href="#cite_note-:4-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-17">[17]</a> Under Hasmonean king <a href="Alexander_Jannaeus" title="Alexander Jannaeus">Alexander Jannaeus</a> (103–76 BCE), Jaffa was one of several coastal cities controlled by the Jews, including <a href="Straton's_Tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Straton's Tower">Straton's Tower</a>, <a href="Apollonia%E2%80%93Arsuf" title="Apollonia–Arsuf">Apollonia</a>, <a href="Yavne" title="Yavne">Iamnia</a>, and <a href="Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Archaeological evidence from this period is limited but includes remnants of walls, tombs from the early first century BCE, and hoards of coins. Incidents of piracy before the Roman conquest are mentioned by <a href="Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>, who accused Aristobulus of instigating raids and acts of piracy. These claims are echoed by Diodorus and Strabo, though their reliability is debated, given the term leistai (pirates) was often used pejoratively in this period.<a href="#cite_note-:3-15">[15]</a>

Jaffa was annexed to <a href="Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Syria</a> by <a href="Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a> but later restored to Judaea by <a href="Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>, reaffirming Jewish access to the sea through their traditional port. In 39 BCE, <a href="Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod</a> captured Jaffa from <a href="Antigonus_II_Mattathias" title="Antigonus II Mattathias">Antigonus</a>, though control fluctuated until <a href="Augustus" title="Augustus">Octavian</a> returned it to Herod after the defeat of <a href="Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Antony</a> and <a href="Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra">Cleopatra</a>. After Herod's death, Jaffa, along with Strato's Tower (Caesarea), <a href="Sebastia%2C_Nablus" title="Sebastia, Nablus">Sebaste</a>, and Jerusalem, was assigned to <a href="Herod_Archelaus" title="Herod Archelaus">Archelaus</a>' <a href="Herodian_tetrarchy" title="Herodian tetrarchy">ethnarchy</a> in Judaea.<a href="#cite_note-:3-15">[15]</a> The construction of Herod's superior harbor at Caesarea diminished Jaffa's regional importance.<a href="#cite_note-:3-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-17">[17]</a>

Josephus's accounts indicate that Jaffa had city status, administering surrounding districts, reflecting continued regional significance.<a href="#cite_note-:3-15">[15]</a> However, he adds that the harbor at Jaffa was inferior to that of <a href="Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> The population of the city during this period was predominantly Jewish.<a href="#cite_note-:3-15">[15]</a> <a href="Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, writing in the early 1st century CE, describes Jaffa as a location from which it is possible to see <a href="Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, the capital of the Jews, and writes that the Jews used it as their naval arsenal when they descended to the sea.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Excavations suggest urban expansion during the <a href="Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a> under Ptolemaic rule, followed by contraction under Seleucid and early Roman rule, and renewed expansion later in the Roman and Byzantine periods.<a href="#cite_note-:3-15">[15]</a> Archaeological remains from the Roman period are mainly found near the harbor, including rich finds like <a href="Terra_sigillata" title="Terra sigillata">terra sigillata</a>, a bread or cheese stamp, and coins.<a href="#cite_note-:3-15">[15]</a>

In the early stages of the <a href="First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">First Jewish–Roman War</a> in 66 CE, <a href="Gaius_Cestius_Gallus_(governor_of_Syria)" title="Gaius Cestius Gallus (governor of Syria)">Cestius Gallus</a> sent forces to Jaffa, where the city was destroyed and its inhabitants indiscriminately killed. Josephus writes that 8,400 inhabitants were massacred.<a href="#cite_note-:6-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Subsequently, the city was resettled by Jews expelled from neighboring regions,<a href="#cite_note-:3-15">[15]</a> who used it to disrupt maritime commerce between <a href="Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Egypt</a> and <a href="Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Syria</a>. As the Romans, led by <a href="Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a>, approached Jaffa, those Jews fled to sea but were devastated by a storm, killing 4,200 people. Those who reached shore were killed by the Romans, who subsequently destroyed Jaffa again and stationed troops to prevent its reuse as a pirate base.<a href="#cite_note-:6-21">[21]</a> In the 3rd century CE, Jaffa was known by the name Flavia Ioppe, potentially indicating an honorary designation under <a href="Flavian_dynasty" title="Flavian dynasty">Flavian rule</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-15">[15]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_antiquity">Late antiquity</h3></div>

Despite the devastation and loss of life during the revolt, Jaffa maintained a Jewish population.<a href="#cite_note-:3-15">[15]</a> Inscriptions from the early 2nd century indicate Jewish involvement in local governance. Further evidence includes Jewish epitaphs dating from the 3rd to 6th centuries, some from members of the <a href="Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">diaspora</a>,<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> along with references in <a href="Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmudic</a> sources to scholars associated with Jaffa.<a href="#cite_note-:3-15">[15]</a> Archaeological findings from the 2nd and 3rd centuries reveal structures destroyed by fire, possibly linked to regional unrest.<a href="#cite_note-:3-15">[15]</a>

During the first centuries of <a href="Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, Jaffa was a fairly unimportant Roman and <a href="Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> locality, which only in the 5th century became a <a href="Diocese" title="Diocese">bishopric</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> The new religion arrived in Jaffa relatively late, not appearing in historical records until the <a href="Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Council of Ephesus</a> in 431 CE.<a href="#cite_note-:3-15">[15]</a> A very small number of its Greek or Latin bishops are known.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Early Christian texts describe Jaffa as a modest settlement, with varying accounts of its prosperity and state of preservation.<a href="#cite_note-:3-15">[15]</a>

<dl><dt>Religious narratives</dt></dl>

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The <a href="New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> account of <a href="Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Saint Peter</a> bringing back to life the widow <a href="Dorcas" title="Dorcas">Dorcas</a> (recorded in <a href="Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%209:36–42&version=nrsv">9:36–42</a>, takes place in Jaffa, then called in Greek Ἰόππη (<a href="Latinization_of_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Latinization of names">Latinized</a> as Joppa). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2010:10–23&version=nrsv">Acts 10:10–23</a> relates that, while Peter was in Jaffa, he had a vision of a large sheet filled with <a href="Kosher_foods" title="Kosher foods">"clean"</a> and "unclean" animals being lowered from heaven, together with a message from the <a href="Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a> telling him to accompany several messengers to <a href="Cornelius_the_Centurion" title="Cornelius the Centurion">Cornelius</a> in <a href="Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea Maritima</a>. Peter retells the story of his vision in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2011:4–17&version=nrsv">Acts 11:4–17</a>, explaining how he had come to preach <a href="Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> to the <a href="Gentile" title="Gentile">gentiles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a>

In <a href="Midrash_halakha" title="Midrash halakha">Midrash</a> Tanna'im in its chapter <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Deuteronomy%2033:19&version=nrsv">Deuteronomy 33:19</a>, reference is made to <a href="Jose_ben_Halafta" title="Jose ben Halafta">Jose ben Halafta</a> (2nd century) traveling through Jaffa. Jaffa seems to have attracted serious Jewish scholars in the 4th and 5th century. The <a href="Jerusalem_Talmud" title="Jerusalem Talmud">Jerusalem Talmud</a> (compiled 4th and 5th century) in Moed Ketan references <a href="Rabbi_Aha" title="Rabbi Aha">Rabi Akha bar Khanina</a> of Jaffa; and in Pesachim chapter 1 refers to <a href="Phinehas_ben_Jair" class="mw-redirect" title="Phinehas ben Jair">Rabi Pinchas ben Yair</a> of Jaffa. The <a href="Babylonian_Talmud" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Talmud">Babylonian Talmud</a> (compiled 5th century) in Megillah 16b mentions Rav Adda Demin of Jaffa. <a href="Leviticus_Rabbah" title="Leviticus Rabbah">Leviticus Rabbah</a> (compiled between 5th and 7th century) mentions Rav Nachman of Jaffa. The <a href="Pesikta_Rabbati" title="Pesikta Rabbati">Pesikta Rabbati</a> (written in the 9th century) in chapter 17 mentions R. Tanchum of Jaffa.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Several streets and alleys of the Jaffa Flea Market area are named after these scholars.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_Islamic_period">Early Islamic period</h4></div>

In 636 Jaffa was conquered by Arabs. Under Islamic rule, it served as a port of <a href="Ramla" title="Ramla">Ramla</a>, then the provincial capital.

<a href="Al-Muqaddasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Muqaddasi">Al-Muqaddasi</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 945/946 – 991) described Yafah as "lying on the sea, is but a small town, although the <a href="Emporium_(antiquity)" title="Emporium (antiquity)">emporium</a> of Palestine and the port of <a href="Ramla" title="Ramla">Ar-Ramlah</a>. It is protected by a strong wall with iron gates, and the sea-gates also are of iron. The <a href="Mosque" title="Mosque">mosque</a> is pleasant to the eye, and overlooks the sea. The harbour is excellent".<a href="#cite_note-Strange550-4">[4]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Crusader/Ayyubid_period">Crusader/Ayyubid period</h4></div>

Jaffa was captured in June 1099 during the <a href="First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">First Crusade</a>, and was the centre of the <a href="County_of_Jaffa_and_Ascalon" title="County of Jaffa and Ascalon">County of Jaffa and Ascalon</a>, one of the <a href="Vassals_of_the_Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem">vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem</a>. One of its counts, <a href="John_of_Ibelin_(jurist)" title="John of Ibelin (jurist)">John of Ibelin</a>, wrote the principal book of the <a href="Assizes_of_Jerusalem" title="Assizes of Jerusalem">Assizes</a> of the <a href="Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Kingdom of Jerusalem</a>.

<a href="Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a> conquered Jaffa in 1187. The city surrendered to <a href="Richard_I_of_England" title="Richard I of England">King Richard the Lionheart</a> on 10 September 1191, three days after the <a href="Battle_of_Arsuf" title="Battle of Arsuf">Battle of Arsuf</a>. Despite efforts by Saladin to reoccupy the city in the July 1192 <a href="Battle_of_Jaffa_(1192)" title="Battle of Jaffa (1192)">Battle of Jaffa</a>, the city remained in the hands of the Crusaders. On 2 September 1192, the <a href="Treaty_of_Jaffa_(1192)" title="Treaty of Jaffa (1192)">Treaty of Jaffa</a> was formally signed, guaranteeing a three-year truce between the two armies.

In 1229, <a href="Frederick_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II</a> signed a ten-year truce in a new <a href="Treaty_of_Jaffa_(1229)" title="Treaty of Jaffa (1229)">Treaty of Jaffa</a>. He fortified the castle of Jaffa and had two inscriptions carved into city wall, one Latin and the other Arabic. The inscription, deciphered in 2011, describes him as the "Holy Roman Emperor" and bears the date "1229 of the Incarnation of our Lord Jesus the Messiah."<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mamluk_period">Mamluk period</h4></div>

In March 1268, <a href="Baibars" class="mw-redirect" title="Baibars">Baibars</a>, the sultan of the <a href="Mamluk_Sultanate" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Egyptian Mamluks</a>, conquered Jaffa simultaneously with conquering <a href="Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-31">[31]</a> Baibars's goal was to conquer <a href="Crusader_states" title="Crusader states">Christian crusader strongholds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-31">[31]</a> An inscription from the <a href="White_Mosque%2C_Ramla" class="mw-redirect" title="White Mosque, Ramla">White Mosque of Ramla</a>, today visible in the <a href="Great_Mosque_of_Gaza" title="Great Mosque of Gaza">Great Mosque of Gaza</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:1-32">[32]</a> commemorates the event:<blockquote><a href="Basmala" title="Basmala">In the name of God the Merciful, the Compassionate</a>,...gave power to his servant...who has trust in him...who fights for Him and defends the faith of His Prophet...Sultan of Islam and the Muslims, Baybars...who came out with his victorious army on the 10th of the month of <a href="Rajab" title="Rajab">Rajab</a> from the land of Egypt, resolved to carry out <a href="Jihad" title="Jihad">jihad</a> and combat the intransigent <a href="Kafir" title="Kafir">infidels</a>. He camped in the port city of Jaffa in the morning and conquered it, by God's will, in the third hour of that day. Then he ordered the erection of the dome over the blessed minaret, as well as the gate of this mosque...in the year 666 of the <a href="Hijri_year" class="mw-redirect" title="Hijri year">Hijra</a> [1268 CE]. May God have mercy upon him and upon all Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-:1-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></blockquote><a href="Abu'l-Fida" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu'l-Fida">Abu'l-Fida</a> (1273–1331), writing in 1321, described "Yafa, in Filastin" as "a small but very pleasant town lying on the sea-shore. It has a celebrated harbour. The town of Yafa is well fortified. Its markets are much frequented, and many merchants ply their trades here. There is a large harbour frequented by all the ships coming to Filastin, and from it they set sail to all lands. Between it and Ar Ramlah the distance is 6 miles, and it lies west of Ar Ramlah."<a href="#cite_note-Strange550-4">[4]</a>

In 1432, <a href="Bertrandon_de_la_Broqui%C3%A8re" title="Bertrandon de la Broquière">Bertrandon de la Broquière</a> observed that Jaffa was in ruins, with only a few tents standing. He wrote: "At Jaffa, the pardons commence for pilgrims to the Holy Land ... at present, it is entirely destroyed, having only a few tents covered with reeds, where pilgrims seek shelter from the heat of the sun. The sea enters the town, forming a poor and shallow harbor: it is dangerous to remain there long for fear of being driven onshore by a gust of wind. When any pilgrims disembark there, interpreters and other officers of the sultan instantly hasten to ascertain their numbers, to serve them as guides, and to receive, in the name of their master, the customary tribute."<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_period">Ottoman period</h3></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="16th–18th_centuries">16th–18th centuries</h4></div>

In 1515, Jaffa was conquered by the <a href="Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> <a href="Ottoman_dynasty" title="Ottoman dynasty">sultan</a> <a href="Selim_I" title="Selim I">Selim I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HüttAbdul-35">[35]</a>

In the <a href="Defter" title="Defter">census</a> of 1596, it appeared located in the <a href="Nahiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahiya">nahiya</a> of <a href="Ramla" title="Ramla">Ramla</a> in the <a href="Liwa_(Arabic)" title="Liwa (Arabic)">liwa</a> of <a href="Gaza_Sanjak" title="Gaza Sanjak">Gaza</a>. It had a population of 15 households, all <a href="Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a>. They paid a fixed tax rate of 33,3 % on various products; a total of 7,520 <a href="Ak%C3%A7e" title="Akçe">akçe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HüttAbdul-35">[35]</a>

The traveller <a href="Jean_Cotwyk" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Cotwyk">Jean Cotwyk</a> (Cotovicus) described Jaffa as a heap of ruins when he visited in 1598.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Botanist and traveller <a href="Leonhard_Rauwolf" title="Leonhard Rauwolf">Leonhard Rauwolf</a> landed near the site of the town on 13 September 1575 and wrote "we landed on the high, rocky shore where the town of Joppe did stand formerly, at this time the town was so demolished that there was not one house to be found." (p. 212, Rauwolf, 1582)

The 17th century saw the beginning of the re-establishment of churches and hostels for Christian pilgrims en route to Jerusalem and the Galilee. During the 18th century, the coastline around Jaffa was often besieged by pirates and this led to the inhabitants relocating to <a href="Ramla" title="Ramla">Ramla</a> and <a href="Lod" title="Lod">Lod</a>, where they relied on messages from a solitary guard house to inform them when ships were approaching the harbour. The landing of goods and passengers was notoriously difficult and dangerous. Until well into the 20th century, ships had to rely on teams of oarsmen to bring their cargo ashore.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Napoleon_(1799)">Napoleon (1799)</h4></div>

On 7 March 1799, <a href="Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> captured the town in what became known as the <a href="Siege_of_Jaffa" title="Siege of Jaffa">Siege of Jaffa</a>, breached its walls, ransacked it, and killed scores of local inhabitants as a reaction to his envoys being brutally killed when delivering an ultimatum of surrender.

Napoleon ordered the massacre of thousands of Muslim soldiers who were imprisoned having surrendered to the French.<a href="#cite_note-Moit-39">[39]</a> Napoleon's deputy commissioner of war Jacques-François Miot described it thus:

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</style><blockquote class="templatequote">On 10 March 1799 in the afternoon, the prisoners of Jaffa were marched off in the midst of a vast square phalanx formed by the troops of General Bon... The Turks, walking along in total disorder, had already guessed their fate and appeared not even to shed any tears... When they finally arrived in the sand dunes to the southwest of Jaffa, they were ordered to halt beside a pool of yellowish water. The officer commanding the troops then divided the mass of prisoners into small groups, who were led off to several different points and shot... Finally, of all the prisoners there only remained those who were beside the pool of water. Our soldiers had used up their cartridges, so there was nothing to be done but to dispatch them with bayonets and knives. ... The result ... was a terrible pyramid of dead and dying bodies dripping blood and the bodies of those already dead had to be pulled away so as to finish off those unfortunate beings who, concealed under this awful and terrible wall of bodies, had not yet been struck down.<a href="#cite_note-Moit-39">[39]</a></blockquote>

Many more died in an epidemic of <a href="Bubonic_plague" title="Bubonic plague">bubonic plague</a> that broke out soon afterwards.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="19th_century">19th century</h4></div>

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</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:254px;max-width:254px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"></div><div class="thumbcaption">View of the port by <a href="F%C3%A9lix_Bonfils" class="mw-redirect" title="Félix Bonfils">Félix Bonfils</a>, 1867–1870</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"></div></div></div></div></div>

Residential life in the city was reestablished in the early 19th century. The governor who was appointed after the devastation brought about by Napoleon, <a href="Muhammad_Abu-Nabbut" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Abu-Nabbut">Muhammad Abu-Nabbut</a>, commenced wide-ranging building and restoration work in Jaffa, including the <a href="Mahmoudiya_Mosque" title="Mahmoudiya Mosque">Mahmoudiya Mosque</a> and the public fountain known as <a href="Sabil_Abu_Nabbut" title="Sabil Abu Nabbut">Sabil Abu Nabbut</a>. During the 1834 <a href="Peasants'_revolt_in_Palestine" title="Peasants' revolt in Palestine">Peasants' revolt in Palestine</a>, Jaffa was besieged for forty days by "mountaineers" in revolt against <a href="Ibrahim_Pasha_of_Egypt" title="Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt">Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a>

In 1820, Isaiah Ajiman of Istanbul built a synagogue and hostel for the accommodation of Jews on their way to their <a href="Four_Holy_Cities" title="Four Holy Cities">four holy cities</a> - Jerusalem, <a href="Hebron" title="Hebron">Hebron</a>, <a href="Tiberias" title="Tiberias">Tiberias</a> and <a href="Safed" title="Safed">Safed</a>. This area became known as Dar al-Yehud (Arabic for "the house of the Jews"); and was the basis of the Jewish community in Jaffa. The appointment of Mahmud Aja as Ottoman governor marked the beginning of a period of stability and growth for the city, interrupted by the 1832 conquest of the city by <a href="Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">Muhammad Ali of Egypt</a>.

By 1839, at least 153 <a href="Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardic Jews</a> were living in Jaffa.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> The community was served for fifty years by Rabbi Yehuda HaLevi <a href="Dubrovnik" title="Dubrovnik">miRagusa</a>. In the early 1850s, HaLevi leased an orchard to <a href="Clorinda_S._Minor" title="Clorinda S. Minor">Clorinda S. Minor</a>, founder of a Christian messianic community that established Mount Hope, a farming initiative to encourage local Jews to learn manual trades, which the <a href="Messianics" class="mw-redirect" title="Messianics">Messianics</a> did in order to pave wave for the <a href="Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a> of Jesus. In 1855, the British Jewish philanthropist <a href="Moses_Montefiore" title="Moses Montefiore">Moses Montefiore</a> bought the orchard from HaLevi, although Minor continued to manage it.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a>

American missionary Ellen Clare Miller, visiting Jaffa in 1867, reported that the town had a population of "about 5000, 1000 of these being Christians, 800 Jews and the rest Moslems".<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a>

The city <a href="Walls_of_Jaffa" title="Walls of Jaffa">walls</a> were torn down during the 1870s, allowing the city to expand.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a>

By the beginning of the 20th century, the population of Jaffa had swelled considerably. A group of Jews left Jaffa for the sand dunes to the north, where in 1909 they held a lottery to divide the lots acquired earlier. The settlement was known at first as Ahuzat Bayit, but an assembly of its residents changed its name to <a href="Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a> in 1910. Other Jewish suburbs to Jaffa had already been founded <a href="Neve_Tzedek" title="Neve Tzedek">since 1887</a>, with others following until <a href="The_Great_War" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great War">the Great War</a>.

In 1904, rabbi <a href="Abraham_Isaac_Kook" title="Abraham Isaac Kook">Abraham Isaac Kook</a> (1864–1935) moved to Ottoman Palestine and took up the position of <a href="Chief_Rabbi" title="Chief Rabbi">Chief Rabbi</a> of Jaffa.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Late_Ottoman-period_economy">Late Ottoman-period economy</h4></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="History_of_Palestinian_journalism" title="History of Palestinian journalism">History of Palestinian journalism</a></div>

In the 19th century, Jaffa was best known for its soap industry. Modern industry emerged in the late 1880s.<a href="#cite_note-JCE-48">[48]</a> The most successful enterprises were metalworking factories, among them the machine shop run by the <a href="Templers_(religious_believers)" class="mw-redirect" title="Templers (religious believers)">Templers</a> that employed over 100 workers in 1910.<a href="#cite_note-JCE-48">[48]</a> Other factories produced orange-crates, barrels, corks, noodles, ice, seltzer, candy, soap, olive oil, leather, alkali, wine, cosmetics and ink.<a href="#cite_note-JCE-48">[48]</a> Most of the newspapers and books printed in Ottoman Palestine were <a href="History_of_Palestinian_journalism" title="History of Palestinian journalism">published in Jaffa</a>.

In 1859, a Jewish visitor, <a href="Ludwig_August_von_Frankl" title="Ludwig August von Frankl">L.A. Frankl</a>, found sixty-five Jewish families living in Jaffa, 'about 400 soul in all.' Of these four were shoemakers, three tailors, one silversmith and one watchmaker. There were also merchants and shopkeepers and 'many live by manual labour, porters, sailors, messengers, etc.'<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Late_Ottoman_agriculture;_Jaffa_oranges">Late Ottoman agriculture; Jaffa oranges</h4></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Jaffa_orange" title="Jaffa orange">Jaffa orange</a></div>

Until the mid-19th century, Jaffa's orange groves were mainly owned by Arabs, who employed traditional methods of farming. The pioneers of modern agriculture in Jaffa were American settlers, who brought in farm machinery in the 1850s and 1860s, followed by the Templers and the Jews.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> From the 1880s, real estate became an important branch of the economy. A 'biarah' (a watered garden) cost 100,000 piastres and annually produced 15,000, of which the farming costs were 5,000: 'A very fair percentage return on the investment.' Water for the gardens was easily accessible with wells between ten and forty feet deep.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a>

Jaffa's citrus industry began to flourish in the last quarter of the 19th century. E.C. Miller records that 'about ten million' oranges were being exported annually, and that the town was surrounded by 'three or four hundred orange gardens, each containing upwards of one thousand trees'.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Shamuti or Shamouti oranges, aka "<a href="Jaffa_oranges" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaffa oranges">Jaffa oranges</a>", were the major crop, but <a href="Citron" title="Citron">citrons</a>, lemons and <a href="Mandarin_orange" title="Mandarin orange">mandarin oranges</a> were also grown.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Jaffa had a reputation for producing the best <a href="Pomegranate" title="Pomegranate">pomegranates</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a>

Developed the mid-19th century, the Jaffa orange was first produced for export in the city after being developed by Arab farmers.<a href="#cite_note-Issawip127-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-Basanp83-57">[57]</a> The orange was the primary citrus export for the city. Today, along with the <a href="Navel_orange" title="Navel orange">navel</a> and <a href="Bitter_orange" title="Bitter orange">bitter orange</a>, it is one of three main varieties of the fruit grown in the <a href="Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a>, the <a href="Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, and <a href="Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern Europe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Basanp83-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ladaniyap48-58">[58]</a>

The Jaffa orange emerged as a mutation on a tree of the 'Baladi' variety of <a href="Sweet_orange" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweet orange">sweet orange</a> (C. sinensis) near the city of Jaffa.<a href="#cite_note-Issawip127-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-Basanp83-57">[57]</a> After the <a href="Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a> (1853–56), the most important innovation in local agriculture was the rapid expansion of citrus cultivation.<a href="#cite_note-Kramerp91-59">[59]</a> Foremost among the varieties cultivated was the Jaffa (Shamouti) orange, and mention of it being exported to Europe first appears in British consular reports in the 1850s.<a href="#cite_note-Issawip127-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kramerp91-59">[59]</a> One factor cited in the growth of the export market was the development of <a href="Steamship" title="Steamship">steamships</a> in the first half of the 19th century, which enabled the export of oranges to the European markets in days rather than weeks.<a href="#cite_note-Gerber1982-60">[60]</a> Another reason cited for the growth of the industry was the relative lack of European control over the cultivation of oranges compared to cotton, formerly a primary commodity crop of Palestine, but outpaced by the Jaffa orange.<a href="#cite_note-LeVinep272-61">[61]</a>

The prosperity of the orange industry brought increased European interest and involvement in the development of Jaffa. In 1902, a study of the growth of the orange industry by <a href="Zionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Zionist">Zionist</a> officials outlined the different Palestinian owners and their primary export markets as England, Turkey, Egypt and <a href="Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>. While the traditional Arabic cultivation methods were considered "primitive," an in-depth study of the financial expenditure involved reveals that they were ultimately more cost-efficient than the Zionist-European enterprises that followed them some two decades later.<a href="#cite_note-LeVinep34-62">[62]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_World_War">First World War</h4></div>

In 1917, the <a href="Tel_Aviv_and_Jaffa_deportation" class="mw-redirect" title="Tel Aviv and Jaffa deportation">Tel Aviv and Jaffa deportation</a> resulted in the Ottomans expelling the entire civilian population. While Muslim evacuees were allowed to return before long, the Jewish evacuees remained in camps (and some in Egypt) until after the British conquest.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a>

During the course of their <a href="Sinai_and_Palestine_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinai and Palestine Campaign">campaign through Ottoman Palestine and the Sinai</a> (1915–1918) against the Ottomans, the British took Jaffa in November 1917, although it remained under observation and fire from the Ottomans. The <a href="Battle_of_Jaffa_(1917)" title="Battle of Jaffa (1917)">battle of Jaffa</a> in late December 1917 pushed back the Ottoman forces securing Jaffa and the line of communication between it and Jerusalem, which had already been <a href="Battle_of_Jerusalem" title="Battle of Jerusalem">taken on 11 December</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_Mandate">British Mandate</h3></div>

<div class="gallerytext">Jaffa 1929 1:20,000</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Jaffa 1943 1:20,000</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Jaffa 1945 1:250,000</div>

</li>

</ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1920s:_conflict_and_development">1920s: conflict and development</h4></div>

According to the <a href="1922_census_of_Palestine" title="1922 census of Palestine">1922 census of Palestine</a> conducted by the <a href="Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">British Mandate authorities</a>, Jaffa had a population of 47,799, consisting of 20,699 Muslims, 20,152 Jews and 6,850 Christians,<a href="#cite_note-Census1922-64">[64]</a> increasing to 51,866 in the <a href="1931_census_of_Palestine" title="1931 census of Palestine">1931 census</a>, residing in 11,304 houses.<a href="#cite_note-Census1931-65">[65]</a>

During the <a href="Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">British Mandate</a>, tension between the Jewish and Arab population increased. A wave of Arab attacks during 1920 and 1921 caused many Jewish residents to flee and resettle in <a href="Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a>, initially a marginal Jewish neighborhood north of Jaffa. The <a href="Jaffa_riots" title="Jaffa riots">Jaffa riots</a> in 1921, (known in Hebrew as Meoraot Tarpa) began with a <a href="May_Day" title="May Day">May Day</a> parade that turned violent. Arab rioters attacked Jewish residents and buildings killing 47 Jews and wounding 146.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> The Hebrew author <a href="Yosef_Haim_Brenner" title="Yosef Haim Brenner">Yosef Haim Brenner</a> was killed in the riots.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> At the end of 1922, Tel Aviv had 15,000 residents: by 1927, the population had risen to 38,000.

Still, during most of the 1920s Jaffa and Tel Aviv maintained peaceful co-existence. Most Jewish businesses were located in Jaffa, some Jewish neighbourhoods paid taxes to the municipality of Jaffa, many young Jews who could not afford the housing costs of Tel Aviv resided there, and the big neighbourhood of <a href="Menashiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Menashiya">Menashiya</a> was by and large fully mixed. The first electric company in the British Mandate of Palestine, although owned by Jewish shareholders, had been named the Jaffa Electric Company. In 1923, both Jaffa and Tel Aviv had begun a rapid process of wired electrification through a joint grid.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1930s:_Arab_revolt_(1936–39)">1930s: Arab revolt (1936–39)</h4></div>

The <a href="1936%E2%80%931939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine" title="1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine">1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine</a> severely impacted Jaffa. On 19 April 1936, <a href="Jaffa_riots_(April_1936)" title="Jaffa riots (April 1936)">riots broke out in Jaffa</a> after rumors spread among the local Arab community that Jews had started to kill Arabs; Arab rioters attacked Jewish targets for three days before British security forces quelled the rioting. 9 Jews and 2 Arabs were killed and dozens more were wounded.<a href="#cite_note-VitonArabsKill-69">[69]</a> In response to the riots, Arab leadership in Palestine declared a <a href="General_strike" title="General strike">general strike</a>, which began in the <a href="Jaffa_Port" title="Jaffa Port">Jaffa Port</a> and quickly spread to the rest of the region.<a href="#cite_note-LTBI-70">[70]</a> After the start of the general strike, <a href="British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed Forces">British troops</a> stationed in Palestine were bolstered by reinforcements from <a href="Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> and <a href="Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> to subdue rioting which had broken out in several major Palestinian cities. Arab rioters in Jaffa used the <a href="Old_Jaffa" title="Old Jaffa">Old City</a>, which contained a maze of homes, winding alleyways and an underground sewer system, to escape arrest by British security forces.<a href="#cite_note-LTBI-70">[70]</a>

Beginning in May 1936, in response to further Arab unrest in Jaffa, the British authorities suspended municipal services in the city, establishing barricades around the Old City and covering access roads with glass shards and nails.<a href="#cite_note-LTBI-70">[70]</a> On June of that year, <a href="Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> bombers dropped boxes of leaflets in Arabic on Jaffa, requesting the city's inhabitants to evacuate that same day.<a href="#cite_note-LTBI-70">[70]</a> In June 15, the <a href="Royal_Engineers" title="Royal Engineers">Royal Engineers</a> used <a href="Gelignite" title="Gelignite">gelignite</a> charges to <a href="House_demolition" class="mw-redirect" title="House demolition">demolish</a> between 220 and 240 Arab-owned homes in the Old City, leaving an open strip which cut through the center of Jaffa from end to end and displacing approximately 6,000 Arabs.<a href="#cite_note-Hughes-71">[71]</a> On the evening of 17 June, 1,500 British troops entered Jaffa and a <a href="Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> warship moved near the Jaffa Port to seal off escape routes by sea. On 29 June, British forces carried out another round of house demolitions, carving a swath from north to south.<a href="#cite_note-LTBI-70">[70]</a>

The British authorities claimed that house demolitions in Jaffa were part of a "facelift" given to the Old City.<a href="#cite_note-LTBI-70">[70]</a> Local Arab newspapers resorted to using sarcasm to describe the demolitions, writing that the British had "beautified" Jaffa using boxes of gelignite.<a href="#cite_note-Hughes-71">[71]</a> <a href="Michael_McDonnell" title="Michael McDonnell">Sir Michael McDonnell</a>, then serving as the <a href="Mandatory_Palestine#Government_and_institutions" title="Mandatory Palestine">Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Palestine</a>, found in favor of Arab petitions from Jaffa and, upholding existing laws regarding house demolitions, ruled against the demolitions carried out by British forces in the Old City. In response, the <a href="Colonial_Office" title="Colonial Office">Colonial Office</a> dismissed him from his post.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> The report produced by the <a href="Peel_Commission" title="Peel Commission">Peel Commission</a> in 1937 recommended that Jaffa, together with <a href="Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a>, <a href="Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, <a href="Lod" title="Lod">Lydda</a> and <a href="Ramla" title="Ramla">Ramle</a>, remain under permanent British control, forming a "corridor" from the sea port to the Holy Places, accessible to Arabs and Jews alike; whereas the rest of Mandatory Palestine was to be split between an Arab state and a Jewish state.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1940–47:_WWII;_frictions">1940–47: WWII; frictions</h4></div>

<a href="Village_Statistics%2C_1945" title="Village Statistics, 1945">Village Statistics of 1945</a> listed Jaffa with a population of 94,310, of whom 50,880 were Muslims, 28,000 were Jews, 15,400 were Christians and 30 were classified as "other".<a href="#cite_note-1945p27-74">[74]</a> The Christians were mostly <a href="Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox</a> and about one-sixth of them were members of the <a href="Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a>. One of the most prominent members of the Arab Christian community was the Greek Orthodox <a href="Issa_El-Issa" title="Issa El-Issa">Issa El-Issa</a>, publisher of the newspaper <a href="Falastin_(newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Falastin (newspaper)">Falastin</a>.

In 1945, the Jewish community of Jaffa complained to the city mayor <a href="Yousef_Haikal" title="Yousef Haikal">Yousef Haikal</a> that their neighbourhoods don't receive appropriate municipal services (street lighting and paving, garbage removal, sewerage etc.) even though they contribute 40% of the municipality's budget. Some of the services (education, healthcare, and social services) had already been provided by <a href="Tel_Aviv_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Tel Aviv Municipality">Tel Aviv Municipality</a> at its own expense, which formed the base for the Jewish community's demand that the Mandatory government annex their neighbourhoods to Tel Aviv.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> In the year of 1946, Tel Aviv Municipality spent <a href="%C2%A3P" class="mw-redirect" title="£P">£P</a> 300K on services for the Jewish neighbourhoods of Jaffa,<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> an increase from £P 80K in the year of 1942.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="1948_Palestine_war" title="1948 Palestine war">1948 Palestine war</a> and <a href="1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight</a></div>

In 1947, the UN Special Commission on Palestine recommended that Jaffa be included in the planned Jewish state. Due to the large Arab majority, however, it was instead designated as an <a href="Enclave" class="mw-redirect" title="Enclave">enclave</a> of the Arab state in the 1947 <a href="United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine" title="United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine">United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine</a>. The enclave would have excluded the northern Jewish-populated parts of the city, but included the agricultural lands to the south and east of the city, extending to the then-boundaries of <a href="Mikveh_Israel" title="Mikveh Israel">Mikveh Israel</a>, <a href="Holon" title="Holon">Holon</a> and <a href="Bat_Yam" title="Bat Yam">Bat Yam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> The resolution was rejected by Palestinian Arab leadership and by the Arab League.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a>

Following the inter-communal violence which broke out following the passing of the UN partition resolution, the mayors of Jaffa and Tel Aviv tried to calm their communities.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> One of the main concerns for the people of Jaffa was the protection of the citrus fruit export trade which had still not reached its pre-Second World War highs.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Eventually the bilateral orange-picking and exporting of both sides continued although without a formal agreement.<a href="#cite_note-Morris2004p114-83">[83]</a>

At the beginning of 1948 Jaffa's defenders consisted of one company of around 400 men organised by the <a href="Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a>, almost none of them Palestinian Arabs (the "Arab Brigade"), and the local Arab irregulars of the National Guard.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> As in Haifa, the irregulars intimidated the local population.<a href="#cite_note-Morris2004p114-83">[83]</a>

On 4 January 1948, the <a href="Lehi_(group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lehi (group)">Lehi</a> detonated a truck bomb outside the Saraya, also known as the "Grand Serai," formerly the Ottoman administrative building and now housing the Arab National Committee. The building and some nearby buildings were destroyed and twenty-six Palestinian civilians were killed. Most of the dead and many wounded were not connected to the National Committee but were passersby and staff at a food distribution programme for poor children that was also in the same building. Most of the children were not present as it was Sunday.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a>

In February Jaffa's Mayor, <a href="Yousef_Haikal" title="Yousef Haikal">Yousef Haikal</a>, contacted <a href="David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">David Ben-Gurion</a> through a British intermediary trying to secure a peace agreement with Tel Aviv, but the commander of the Arab militia in Jaffa opposed it.<a href="#cite_note-Morris2004p114-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris198747-87">[87]</a> The frontline saw a period of mostly static warfare, with sporadic sniper fire, machine gun bursts, and limited skirmishes. While the introduction of medium mortars in early March 1948 escalated the intensity of the fighting, tactics remained largely unchanged.

On 25 April 1948, the <a href="Irgun" title="Irgun">Irgun</a> launched an offensive on Jaffa. This began with a mortar bombardment which went on for three days during which twenty tons of high explosive were fired into the town.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris198795-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> On 27 April the British Government, fearing a repetition of the mass exodus from <a href="Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a> the week before, ordered the British Army to confront the Irgun and their offensive ended. Simultaneously the <a href="Haganah" title="Haganah">Haganah</a> had launched <a href="Operation_Hametz" title="Operation Hametz">Operation Hametz</a>, which overran the villages east of Jaffa and cut the town off from the interior.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1987100-90">[90]</a> On 29 April, the Irgun commander for the Tel-Aviv & Jaffa district, <a href="Eliyahu_Tamler" title="Eliyahu Tamler">Eliyahu Tamler</a>, was killed by a British shell.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a>

The <a href="Battle_of_Haifa_(1948)" title="Battle of Haifa (1948)">fall of Haifa</a> a few days earlier, and fear of another massacre similar to Irgun's <a href="Deir_Yassin_massacre" title="Deir Yassin massacre">Deir Yassin massacre</a>, caused panic across the Arabs of Jaffa, leading most of them to flee.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> The population of Jaffa on the eve of the attack was between 50,000 and 60,000, with some 20,000 people having already left the town.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris198795-88">[88]</a> By 30 April, there were 15,000–25,000 remaining.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1987100-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> In the following days a further 10,000–20,000 people fled by sea. When the Haganah took control of the town on 14 May around 4,000 people were left.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1987101-94">[94]</a> The town and harbour's warehouses were extensively looted.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> The displacement of Jaffa's Arab population was part of the larger <a href="1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight</a>.

The city surrendered to the Haganah on 14 May 1948 and shortly after the British police and army left the city.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a>

The 3,800 Arabs who remained in Jaffa after the exodus were concentrated in the <a href="Ajami%2C_Jaffa" title="Ajami, Jaffa">Ajami district</a> and subject to strict martial law.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> The military administration in Jaffa lasted until 1 June 1949, at which point, <a href="Tel_Aviv_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Tel Aviv Municipality">Tel Aviv Municipality</a> took over the administration; Jaffa Municipality, de-jure still in existence at the time, had not exercised any authority since 1948 until its dissolution in 1950.<a href="#cite_note-ytlv1950-99">[99]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_of_Israel">State of Israel</h3></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gradual_annexation_into_Tel_Aviv">Gradual annexation into Tel Aviv</h4></div>

The boundaries of Tel Aviv and Jaffa became a matter of contention between the Tel Aviv municipality and the Israeli government during 1948.<a href="#cite_note-Golan1995-100">[100]</a> The former wished to incorporate only the well-off Jewish suburbs in the north of Jaffa, while the latter wanted a more complete unification.<a href="#cite_note-Golan1995-100">[100]</a> The issue also had international sensitivity, since the main part of Jaffa was in the Arab portion of the <a href="United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine" title="United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine">United Nations Partition Plan</a>, whereas Tel Aviv was not, and no armistice agreements had yet been signed.<a href="#cite_note-Golan1995-100">[100]</a> An alternative proposal, merging <a href="Bat_Yam" title="Bat Yam">Bat Yam</a> and <a href="Holon" title="Holon">Holon</a> into Jaffa to form a bigger city south of Tel Aviv, was rejected on financial grounds, as the two small Jewish settlements lacked the funds necessary to sustain Jaffa.<a href="#cite_note-ytlv1950-99">[99]</a>

On 10 December 1948, the government announced the annexation to Tel Aviv of Jaffa's Jewish suburbs of Maccabi (<a href="American%E2%80%93German_Colony" title="American–German Colony">American–German Colony</a>), Volovelsky (northwestern <a href="Florentin%2C_Tel_Aviv" title="Florentin, Tel Aviv">Florentin</a>), <a href="Giv'at_Herzl" title="Giv'at Herzl">Giv'at Herzl</a>, and <a href="Shapira%2C_Tel_Aviv" title="Shapira, Tel Aviv">Shapira</a>; territories outside Jaffa's municipal boundary, specifically the Arab neighbourhood of <a href="Abu_Kabir" title="Abu Kabir">Abu Kabir</a>, the Arab village of <a href="Salama%2C_Jaffa" title="Salama, Jaffa">Salama</a> and some of its agricultural land, and the working class Jewish areas of <a href="Hatikva%2C_Tel_Aviv" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatikva, Tel Aviv">Hatikva</a> and Ezra, were annexed to Tel Aviv at the same time, thus introducing around 50,000 new residents into the city.<a href="#cite_note-ytlv1950-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-Golan1995-100">[100]</a> On 18 May 1949, the new boundary was drawn along Shari' Es Salahi (now Olei Zion Street) and Shari' El Quds (now Ben-Zvi Road), thereby adding into Tel Aviv the former Arab neighbourhood of <a href="Manshiya" title="Manshiya">Manshiya</a> and part of Jaffa city centre, for the first time including land that had been in the Arab portion of the UN partition plan.<a href="#cite_note-Golan1995-100">[100]</a>

The government decided on a permanent unification of Tel Aviv and Jaffa on 4 October 1949, but the actual unification was delayed until 16 June 1950 due to concerted opposition from Tel Aviv's mayor <a href="Israel_Rokach" title="Israel Rokach">Israel Rokach</a>, who had demanded government funding of 1M <a href="I%C2%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="I£">I£</a> towards the expenses of providing municipal services to Jaffa.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-Golan1995-100">[100]</a> Jaffa was expected to consume 18% of the unified municipality's budget, while contributing only 4% of its income.<a href="#cite_note-ytlv1950-99">[99]</a> The two sides came to an agreement under which the government covered 100K I£ of the unified municipality's expenses, as well as funded healthcare, education, and social services for Jaffa residents directly from the state budget.<a href="#cite_note-ytlv1950-99">[99]</a> The name of the unified city was Tel Aviv until 19 August 1950, when it was renamed as Tel Aviv–Yafo in order to preserve the historical name Jaffa.<a href="#cite_note-Golan1995-100">[100]</a> The population of Jaffa prior to the unification was estimated as 40,000, out of them 5,000 Arabs,<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> and most of the others new <a href="Olim" class="mw-redirect" title="Olim">olim</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ytlv1950-99">[99]</a>

The land which had formerly belonged to Jaffa municipality, and was annexed into Tel Aviv, includes the neighbourhoods of <a href="Manshiya" title="Manshiya">Manshiya</a>, <a href="Florentin%2C_Tel_Aviv" title="Florentin, Tel Aviv">Florentin</a>, <a href="Giv'at_Herzl" title="Giv'at Herzl">Giv'at Herzl</a>, and <a href="Shapira%2C_Tel_Aviv" title="Shapira, Tel Aviv">Shapira</a>; and such landmarks as <a href="Charles_Clore_Park" title="Charles Clore Park">Charles Clore Park</a>, <a href="Hassan_Bek_Mosque" title="Hassan Bek Mosque">Hassan Bek Mosque</a>, <a href="Carmel_Market" title="Carmel Market">Carmel Market</a>, the former <a href="Jaffa_railway_station" title="Jaffa railway station">Jaffa railway station</a>, and the new <a href="Tel_Aviv_central_bus_station" title="Tel Aviv central bus station">Tel Aviv central bus station</a>. On the other hand, Jaffa boundaries were expanded to the southeast, incorporating <a href="Gaon_Stadium" title="Gaon Stadium">Gaon Stadium</a> and the new neighbourhoods of <a href="Neve_Ofer" title="Neve Ofer">Neve Ofer</a>, Jaffa Gimel and Jaffa Dalet.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Other former Arab villages incorporated into Tel Aviv–Jaffa include <a href="Al-Mas'udiyya" title="Al-Mas'udiyya">Al-Mas'udiyya</a>, annexed on 20 December 1942,<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> in the New North; <a href="Jarisha" title="Jarisha">Jarisha</a>, annexed on 25 November 1943,<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> on the southern bank of <a href="Yarkon_River" title="Yarkon River">Yarkon River</a>; <a href="Al-Jammasin_al-Gharbi" title="Al-Jammasin al-Gharbi">Al-Jammasin al-Gharbi</a>, annexed on 31 March 1948,<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> and since 1957 redeveloped into <a href="Bavli" title="Bavli">Bavli</a> neighbourhood; and <a href="Al-Shaykh_Muwannis" title="Al-Shaykh Muwannis">Al-Shaykh Muwannis</a>, annexed on 25 February 1949,<a href="#cite_note-Golan1995-100">[100]</a> and since 1955 redeveloped into <a href="Tel_Aviv_University" title="Tel Aviv University">Tel Aviv University</a> main campus.

<dl><dt>Streets renamed</dt></dl>

After the Jewish takeover, all pre-existing street names in Jaffa were abolished, and replaced with numeric identifiers. By 1954, only the four main streets had proper names: Jerusalem (former <a href="Djemal_Pasha" title="Djemal Pasha">Djemal Pasha</a>; then <a href="King_George_V" class="mw-redirect" title="King George V">King George V</a>; then No.1) Avenue; Tarshish (former Bustrus; then No.2; now <a href="David_Raziel" title="David Raziel">David Raziel</a>) Street; Eilat Street (former No.298); and Shalma Road (former No.310).<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a>

The road passing between <a href="Florentin%2C_Tel_Aviv" title="Florentin, Tel Aviv">Florentin</a> and <a href="Neve_Tzedek" title="Neve Tzedek">Neve Tzedek</a> neighbourhoods was until 1948 named Tel Aviv Road, being the main thoroughfare between the two city centres. After the annexation of Florentin into Tel Aviv, it became an internal road in Tel Aviv, so its name no longer made sense. Thus the section lying within the new Tel Aviv boundaries was renamed into Jaffa Road; and the section which became the new Tel Aviv–Jaffa boundary, into Eilat Street.

Salama Road, a main eastwards road from Jaffa towards the depopulated village of <a href="Salama%2C_Jaffa" title="Salama, Jaffa">Salama</a>, was renamed Shalma Road after the reconstructed Hebrew name of Capharsalama (<a href="Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: Χαφαρσαλαμα) which is mentioned in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Maccabees%207:31&version=nrsvae">1 Maccabees 7:31</a> as the location of the <a href="Battle_of_Caphar-salama" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Caphar-salama">battle of Caphar-salama</a>. However, both names remain in use.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a>

Arabic street names were eventually replaced with Hebrew ones, e.g. Al-Kutub Street was renamed Resh Galuta Street, Abu Ubeyda Street was renamed She’erit Yisra’el Street, and Al-Salahi Street was renamed Olei Zion Street.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> This practice has been criticized by residents of affected Arabic neighborhoods, who deem the names inappropriate (for example, a street named after Rabbi <a href="Simcha_Bunim_of_Peshischa" title="Simcha Bunim of Peshischa">Simcha Bunim of Peshischa</a> was called a "local laughingstock" by Tel Aviv-Jaffa city councillor Ahmed Belha;<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> and a street where the Al Siksik Mosque is located was renamed <a href="Beit_Eshel" title="Beit Eshel">Beit Eshel</a> Street, after a short-lived Jewish settlement in what is now <a href="Beersheba" title="Beersheba">Beersheba</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a>) and demand a return to Arabic names.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Urban_development">Urban development</h4></div>

From the 1990s onwards, efforts have been made to restore Arab and Islamic landmarks, such as the Mosque of the Sea and <a href="Hassan_Bek_Mosque" title="Hassan Bek Mosque">Hassan Bek Mosque</a>, and document the history of Jaffa's Arab population.

Parts of the <a href="Old_City_(Jaffa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Old City (Jaffa)">Old City</a> have been renovated, turning Jaffa into a tourist attraction featuring old restored buildings, art galleries, theaters, souvenir shops, restaurants, sidewalk cafes and promenades.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> Many artists have moved their studios from Tel Aviv to the Old City and its surroundings, such as the Jaffa port,<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> the <a href="American%E2%80%93Germany_Colony" class="mw-redirect" title="American–Germany Colony">American–Germany Colony</a> and the flea market.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Beyond the Old City and tourist sites, many neighborhoods of Jaffa are poor and underdeveloped. However, real-estate prices have risen sharply due to gentrification projects in Ajami, Noga, and Lev Yafo.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> The municipality of Tel Aviv–Yafo is currently working to beautify and modernize the port area.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demography">Demography</h2></div>

Modern Jaffa has a <a href="Heterogeneous" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterogeneous">heterogeneous</a> population of Jews, Christians, and Muslims. As of 2021, Jaffa has 52,470 residents, about a third of which are <a href="Arab_citizens_of_Israel" title="Arab citizens of Israel">Arabs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Landmarks">Landmarks</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Old_Jaffa" title="Old Jaffa">Old Jaffa</a></div>

The Clock Square with its distinctive clocktower was built in 1906 in honor of <a href="Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a> <a href="Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II">Abdul Hamid II</a>. The Saraya (governor's palace) was built in the 1890s.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Andromeda rock is the rock to which beautiful Andromeda was chained in <a href="Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> The Zodiac alleys are a maze of restored alleys leading to the harbor. Jaffa Hill is a center for <a href="Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeological</a> finds, including restored Egyptian gates, about 3,500 years old. <a href="Jaffa_Light" title="Jaffa Light">Jaffa Lighthouse</a> is an inactive <a href="Lighthouse" title="Lighthouse">lighthouse</a> located in the old port.

The Jaffa Museum of Antiquities is located in an 18th-century Ottoman building constructed on the remains of a <a href="Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusader</a> fortress. In 1811, Abu Nabout turned it into his seat of government. In the late 19th century, the governmental moved to the "New Saraya," and the building was sold to a wealthy Greek-Orthodox family who established a soap factory there. Since 1961, it has housed an archaeological museum,<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> which is currently closed to the general public.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a>

The <a href="Libyan_Synagogue%2C_Jaffa" title="Libyan Synagogue, Jaffa">Libyan Synagogue</a> (Beit Zunana) was a synagogue built by a Jewish landlord, Zunana, in the 18th century. It was turned into a hotel and then a soap factory, and reopened as a synagogue for Libyan Jewish immigrants after 1948. In 1995, it became a museum.

Other museums and galleries in the area include the <a href="Farkash_Gallery_collection" class="mw-redirect" title="Farkash Gallery collection">Farkash Gallery collection</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Churches_and_monasteries">Churches and monasteries</h3></div>

The <a href="Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox</a> Monastery of Archangel Michael (<a href="Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem">Patriarchate of Jerusalem</a>) near <a href="Jaffa_Port" title="Jaffa Port">Jaffa Port</a> also has <a href="Romanian_Orthodox_Church" title="Romanian Orthodox Church">Romanian</a> and Russian communities in its compound. Built in 1894, the Church of St. Peter and <a href="Dorcas" title="Dorcas">St. Tabitha</a> serves the Russian Orthodox Christian community, with services in Russian and Hebrew; underneath the chapel nearby there is what is believed to be the tomb of St Tabitha.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> <a href="St._Peter's_Church%2C_Jaffa" title="St. Peter's Church, Jaffa">St. Peter's Church</a> is a <a href="Franciscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan">Franciscan</a> <a href="Roman-Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman-Catholic">Roman-Catholic</a> basilica and hospice built in 1654 on the remains of a <a href="Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusader</a> <a href="Fortress" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortress">fortress</a>, and commemorates <a href="St_Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="St Peter">St Peter</a>, as he brought the disciple <a href="Tabitha" title="Tabitha">Tabitha</a> back from the dead; <a href="Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> is believed to have stayed there.

<a href="Immanuel_Church_(Tel_Aviv)" title="Immanuel Church (Tel Aviv)">Immanuel Church</a>, built 1904, serves today a <a href="Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> congregation with services in English and Hebrew.

The <a href="Saint_Nicholas_Monastery%2C_Jaffa" title="Saint Nicholas Monastery, Jaffa">Saint Nicholas Armenian Monastery</a> was built in the 17th century.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mosques">Mosques</h3></div>

<a href="Al-Bahr_Mosque" title="Al-Bahr Mosque">Al-Bahr Mosque</a>, lit. the Sea Mosque, overlooking the harbour, is depicted in a painting from 1675 by the Dutch painter <a href="Cornelis_de_Bruijn" title="Cornelis de Bruijn">Cornelis de Bruijn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> It may be Jaffa's oldest existing mosque. Built originally in 1675,<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> changes to the structure have been made since then, such as the addition of a second floor and reconstruction of the upper part of the minaret. It was used by fishermen and sailors frequenting the port, and residents of the surrounding area. According to local legend, the wives of sailors living in Jaffa prayed there for the safe return of their husbands. The mosque was renovated in 1997.

Mahmoudia Mosque was built in 1812 by Abu Nabbut, governor of Jaffa from 1810 to 1820.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> Outside the mosque is a water fountain (sabil) for pilgrims.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a>

Nouzha Mosque on Jerusalem Boulevard is Jaffa's main mosque today.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeology">Archaeology</h2></div>

The majority of excavations in Jaffa are salvage in nature and have been conducted by the <a href="Israel_Antiquities_Authority" title="Israel Antiquities Authority">Israel Antiquities Authority</a> (IAA) since the 1990s. Excavations on Rabbi Pinchas Street, for example, in the flea market have revealed walls and water conduits dating to the Iron Age, Hellenistic, Early Islamic, Crusader and Ottoman periods. A limestone slab (50 cm × 50 cm or 20 in × 20 in) engraved with a <a href="Menorah_(Hanukkah)" class="mw-redirect" title="Menorah (Hanukkah)">menorah</a> discovered on Tanchum Street is believed to be the door of a tomb.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a>

Additional efforts to conduct research excavations at that site included those of B. J. Isserlin (1950), <a href="Ze'ev_Herzog" title="Ze'ev Herzog">Ze'ev Herzog</a> of <a href="Tel_Aviv_University" title="Tel Aviv University">Tel Aviv University</a> (1997–1999), and most recently the Jaffa Cultural Heritage Project (since 2007), directed by Aaron A. Burke (<a href="UCLA" class="mw-redirect" title="UCLA">UCLA</a>) and Martin Peilstocker (<a href="Johannes_Gutenberg_University_Mainz" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz">Johannes Gutenberg University</a>).

In December 2020, archaeologists from the IAA revealed a 3,800-year-old jar containing the badly preserved remains of a baby dates back to the <a href="Middle_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Bronze Age">Middle Bronze Age</a>.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> "There's always the interpretation that the jar is almost like a womb, so basically the idea is to return [the] baby back into Mother Earth, or into the symbolic protection of his mother", said archaeologist Alfredo Mederos Martin.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> Researchers also covered the remains of at least two horses and pottery dated to the late <a href="Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, 232 <a href="Seashell" title="Seashell">seashells</a>, 30 <a href="Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a> coins, 95 glass vessel fragments from the Roman and <a href="Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusader</a> periods 14 fifth-century BCE rock-carved burials featuring lamps.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2></div>

<a href="Coll%C3%A8ge_des_Fr%C3%A8res_de_Jaffa" title="Collège des Frères de Jaffa">Collège des Frères de Jaffa</a> is a French international school.

<a href="Tabeetha_School" title="Tabeetha School">Tabeetha School</a> in Jaffa was founded in 1863. It is owned by the <a href="Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a>. The school provides education in English to children from Christian, Jewish and Muslim backgrounds.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a>

Muzot (<a href="Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: מוזות) is an arts school in old Jaffa that caters to teenagers who haven't successfully integrated into traditional schools. It offers them a unique opportunity to combine artistic pursuits with academic studies leading to a matriculation certificate.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a>

The democratic school in Jaffa established in 2004 is based on the ideas of <a href="Democratic_education" title="Democratic education">democratic education</a>, catering students from 1st to 12th grade.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a>

The campus of the <a href="Academic_College_of_Tel_Aviv-Yafo" title="Academic College of Tel Aviv-Yafo">Academic College of Tel Aviv-Yafo</a> is a public <a href="College" title="College">college</a>, hosting more than 4500 Israeli and Arab students.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> The college's faculties include <a href="Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a>, <a href="Economics" title="Economics">economics and management</a>, <a href="Information_system" title="Information system">information systems</a>, <a href="Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a> and <a href="Nursing" title="Nursing">nursing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Local_governance,_politics">Local governance, politics</h2></div>

Administratively, Jaffa constitutes Borough 7 of the <a href="Tel_Aviv-Yafo_Municipality" title="Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality">Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality</a>, and is divided into four sub-boroughs and twelve neighborhoods.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a>

Compared to Tel Aviv-Yafo as a whole, votes for Arab parties are especially prevalent in Jaffa in national elections.<a href="#cite_note-national_elections-146">[146]</a> In the <a href="2018_Israeli_municipal_elections#Tel_Aviv" title="2018 Israeli municipal elections">2018 Tel Aviv-Jaffa city council election</a>, the Yafa list, which represents the Arab population of Jaffa, received 28% of the vote in Jaffa, making it the most voted party there; the second place was taken by the <a href="Hadash" title="Hadash">Hadash</a>-affiliated<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> We are the City list, with 14% of the vote.<a href="#cite_note-city_council-148">[148]</a> Among Jewish political parties, right-wing parties such as <a href="Shas" title="Shas">Shas</a> and <a href="Likud" title="Likud">Likud</a> perform better in Jaffa relative to the municipality-wide results,<a href="#cite_note-city_council-148">[148]</a> similarly to the working-class neighborhoods in southern Tel Aviv;<a href="#cite_note-national_elections-146">[146]</a> in particular, Shas received 12% of the vote in Jaffa in the 2018 city council elections, making it the third-most voted for party in Jaffa.<a href="#cite_note-city_council-148">[148]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Socioeconomic_and_political_problems">Socioeconomic and political problems</h3></div>

Jaffa suffers from drug problems, high crime rates and violence. Some Arab residents have alleged that the Israeli authorities are attempting to Judaize Jaffa by evicting Arab residents from houses owned by the <a href="Amidar_(company)" title="Amidar (company)">Amidar</a> government-operated public housing company. Amidar representatives say the residents are illegal squatters.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_station,_now_leisure_venue">Ottoman station, now leisure venue</h3></div>

<a href="Jaffa_Railway_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaffa Railway Station">Jaffa Railway Station</a> was the first railway station in the Levant. It served as the terminus for the <a href="Jaffa%E2%80%93Jerusalem_railway" title="Jaffa–Jerusalem railway">Jaffa–Jerusalem railway</a>. The station opened in 1891 and closed in 1948. In 2005–09, the station was restored and converted into an entertainment and leisure venue marketed as "HaTachana", Hebrew for "the station".<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bus_and_tramway_(light_rail)">Bus and tramway (light rail)</h3></div>

Jaffa is served by the <a href="Dan_Bus_Company" title="Dan Bus Company">Dan Bus Company</a>, which operates buses to various neighborhoods of <a href="Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a> and <a href="Bat_Yam" title="Bat Yam">Bat Yam</a>.

The <a href="Red_Line_(Tel_Aviv_Light_Rail)" title="Red Line (Tel Aviv Light Rail)">Red Line</a> of the <a href="Tel_Aviv_Light_Rail" title="Tel Aviv Light Rail">Tel Aviv Light Rail</a>, inaugurated in 2023, crosses Jaffa north to south along <a href="Sderot_Yerushalayim" class="mw-redirect" title="Sderot Yerushalayim">Jerusalem Boulevard</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Railway">Railway</h3></div>

Of the current stations in the <a href="Israel_Railways" title="Israel Railways">Israel Railways</a> network, the <a href="Holon_Junction_railway_station" title="Holon Junction railway station">Holon Junction</a> and <a href="Holon%E2%80%93Wolfson_railway_station" title="Holon–Wolfson railway station">Holon–Wolfson</a> railway stations sit on the boundary between Jaffa and <a href="Holon" title="Holon">Holon</a>, while <a href="Tel_Aviv_HaHagana_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Tel Aviv HaHagana railway station">Tel Aviv HaHagana</a> is in Tel Aviv proper, slightly to the east of Jaffa.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2></div>

<a href="Jaffa_cakes" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaffa cakes">Jaffa cakes</a>, a British <a href="Confection" class="mw-redirect" title="Confection">confection</a>, are named after <a href="Jaffa_orange" title="Jaffa orange">Jaffa oranges</a> and are therefore indirectly a namesake of Jaffa.

The Knight Of Jaffa is the second episode of the <a href="Doctor_Who" title="Doctor Who">Doctor Who</a> story <a href="The_Crusade_(Doctor_Who)" title="The Crusade (Doctor Who)">The Crusade</a> (1965), set in <a href="Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Palestine</a> during the <a href="Third_Crusade" title="Third Crusade">Third Crusade</a>. The 1981 film <a href="Clash_of_the_Titans_(1981_film)" title="Clash of the Titans (1981 film)">Clash of the Titans</a> is set in ancient Joppa. The 2009 <a href="Oscar-nominated" class="mw-redirect" title="Oscar-nominated">Oscar-nominated</a> film <a href="Ajami_(film)" title="Ajami (film)">Ajami</a> is set in modern Jaffa.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_residents">Notable residents</h2></div>

<ul><li><a href="Asma_Agbarieh" title="Asma Agbarieh">Asma Agbarieh</a> (born 1974), Israeli Arab journalist and political activist</li>

<li><a href="Hanan_Al-Agha" title="Hanan Al-Agha">Hanan Al-Agha</a> (1948–2008), Palestinian plastic artist</li>

<li><a href="Shmuel_Yosef_Agnon" title="Shmuel Yosef Agnon">Shmuel Yosef Agnon</a> (1888–1970), Nobel Prize-winning author</li>

<li><a href="Dahn_Ben-Amotz" class="mw-redirect" title="Dahn Ben-Amotz">Dahn Ben-Amotz</a> (1924–1989), radio broadcaster and author</li>

<li><a href="Yitzhak_Ben-Zvi" title="Yitzhak Ben-Zvi">Yitzhak Ben-Zvi</a> (1884–1963), historian, Labor Zionist leader, and President of Israel</li>

<li><a href="Benny_Hinn" title="Benny Hinn">Benny Hinn</a> (born 1953), TV evangelist and preacher</li>

<li><a href="Yosef_Eliyahu_Chelouche" title="Yosef Eliyahu Chelouche">Yosef Eliyahu Chelouche</a> (1870–1934), one of the founders of Tel Aviv; businessman</li>

<li><a href="Joseph_Constant" title="Joseph Constant">Joseph Constant</a> (1892–1969), sculptor and writer</li>

<li><a href="George_Deek" title="George Deek">George Deek</a> (born 1984), Israeli Arab diplomat</li>

<li><a href="Ismail_al-Faruqi" title="Ismail al-Faruqi">Ismail al-Faruqi</a> (1921–1986), Palestinian-American philosopher</li>

<li><a href="Lea_Gottlieb" title="Lea Gottlieb">Lea Gottlieb</a> (1918–2012), Israeli founder and fashion designer of <a href="Gottex" title="Gottex">Gottex</a></li>

<li><a href="Ibtisam_Mara'ana" title="Ibtisam Mara'ana">Ibtisam Mara'ana</a> (born 1975), Arab-Israeli filmmaker and member of the <a href="Knesset" title="Knesset">Knesset</a></li>

<li><a href="Victor_Norris_Hamilton" title="Victor Norris Hamilton">Victor Norris Hamilton</a> (born <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1919), Palestinian-born American cryptologist</li>

<li><a href="J._E._Hanauer" title="J. E. Hanauer">J. E. Hanauer</a> (1850–1938), author, photographer, and Canon of St George's Church</li>

<li><a href="Hilmi_Hanoun" title="Hilmi Hanoun">Hilmi Hanoun</a> (1913–2001), writer and politician</li>

<li><a href="Yizhar_Harari" title="Yizhar Harari">Yizhar Harari</a> (1908–1978), Zionist activist and Israeli politician</li>

<li><a href="Haim_Hazan_(basketball)" title="Haim Hazan (basketball)">Haim Hazan</a> (1937–1994), Israeli basketball player</li>

<li><a href="Zeev_Hershkowitz" title="Zeev Hershkowitz">Zeev Hershkowitz</a>, former Israeli footballer</li>

<li><a href="Nadia_Hilou" title="Nadia Hilou">Nadia Hilou</a> (1953–2015), Arab-Israeli politician</li>

<li><a href="Pinhas_Hozez" title="Pinhas Hozez">Pinhas Hozez</a> (born 1957), Israeli basketball player</li>

<li><a href="Issa_El-Issa" title="Issa El-Issa">Issa El-Issa</a> (1878–1950), Palestinian journalist</li>

<li><a href="Daoud_El-Issa" title="Daoud El-Issa">Daoud El-Issa</a> (1903–1983), Palestinian journalist</li>

<li><a href="Yousef_El-Issa" title="Yousef El-Issa">Yousef El-Issa</a> (1870–1948), Palestinian journalist</li>

<li><a href="Raja_El-Issa" title="Raja El-Issa">Raja El-Issa</a> (1922–2008), Palestinian journalist</li>

<li><a href="Michel_Lo%C3%A8ve" title="Michel Loève">Michel Loève</a> (1907–1979), probabilist and mathematical statistician</li>

<li><a href="Haim_Ramon" title="Haim Ramon">Haim Ramon</a> (born 1950), Israeli politician</li>

<li><a href="Sasha_Roiz" title="Sasha Roiz">Sasha Roiz</a> (born 1973), Canadian actor</li>

<li><a href="Yoav_Saffar" title="Yoav Saffar">Yoav Saffar</a> (born 1975), Israeli basketball player</li>

<li><a href="Yosef_Sapir" title="Yosef Sapir">Yosef Sapir</a> (1902–1972), Israeli politician</li>

<li><a href="Haim_Starkman" title="Haim Starkman">Haim Starkman</a> (born 1944), Israeli basketball player</li>

<li><a href="Rifaat_Turk" title="Rifaat Turk">Rifaat Turk</a> (born 1954), Arab-Israeli football player and manager, and deputy mayor of Tel Aviv</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Bonaparte_Visiting_the_Plague_Victims_of_Jaffa" title="Bonaparte Visiting the Plague Victims of Jaffa">Bonaparte Visiting the Plague Victims of Jaffa</a></li>

<li><a href="County_of_Jaffa_and_Ascalon" title="County of Jaffa and Ascalon">County of Jaffa and Ascalon</a> (under the <a href="Crusaders" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusaders">Crusaders</a>)</li>

<li><a href="History_of_Palestinian_journalism" title="History of Palestinian journalism">History of Palestinian journalism</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFLior2011" class="citation web cs1">Lior, Ilan (28 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/1.5128965">"Tel Aviv to build affordable housing for Jaffa's Arab residents"</a>. Haaretz.com. Retrieved 12 May 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> One example of this legend is the 16th-century French pilgrim Denis Possot who recorded, "Jaffe, est le port de la Terre saincte, anciennement nommé Joppe, faict et construict premierment en ville et cité grande à merveilles et de grant renom, par Japhet, fils de Noé." in his Le Voyage de la Terre Sainte (Geneva: Slatkine Reprints 1971, reprint of Paris edition, 1890, orig. 1532), p. 155.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Another pilgrim, Sir Richard of Guylforde, wrote,"This Jaffe was sometyme a grete Cytie [...] and it was one of the firste Cyties of the worlde founded by Japheth, Noes sone, and beryth yet his name." In the pilgrimage narrative from 1506, recorded by his chaplain in 1511, edited by Sir Henry Ellis (London: Camden Society, 1851), p. 16.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Strange550-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Strange550_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Strange550_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Strange550_4-2">c</a> le Strange, 1890, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/palestineundermo00lestuoft#page/550/mode/1up">550</a>-551

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFPeilstöckerBurke2011" class="citation book cs1">Peilstöcker, Martin; Burke, Aaron A., eds. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvdjrrkm">The History and Archaeology of Jaffa 1</a>. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press at UCLA. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvdjrrkm">10.2307/j.ctvdjrrkm</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-931745-81-9</bdi>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvdjrrkm">j.ctvdjrrkm</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-UCLA-6"><a href="#cite_ref-UCLA_6-0">^</a> Stacey Jennifer Miller, The Lion Temple of Jaffa: Archaeological Investigations of the Late Bronze Age Egyptian Occupation in Canaan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jchp.ucla.edu/Bibliography/Miller_Stacey_J_2012_BA_Honors_Thesis_UCLA.pdf">BA thesis</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190819082359/http://jchp.ucla.edu/Bibliography/Miller_Stacey_J_2012_BA_Honors_Thesis_UCLA.pdf">Archived</a> 19 August 2019 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, University of California, Los Angeles, 2012

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurke201164-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurke201164_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurke2011">Burke 2011</a>, p. 64.

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurke201168-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurke201168_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurke2011">Burke 2011</a>, p. 68.

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurke201168-69-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurke201168-69_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurke2011">Burke 2011</a>, p. 68-69.

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<li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a href="Michel_Le_Quien" title="Michel Le Quien">Michel Le Quien</a>, Oriens Christianus, III, 627.

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<li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <a href="Michel_Le_Quien" title="Michel Le Quien">Michel Le Quien</a>, Oriens Christianus, III, 625–30, 1291; <a href="Konrad_Eubel" title="Konrad Eubel">Konrad Eubel</a>, Hierarchia catholica medii aevi, Munich, I, 297; II, 186.

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<li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFde_la_BrocquièreRossabi2019" class="citation book cs1">de la Brocquière, Bertrandon; Rossabi, Morris (2019). A mission to the medieval Middle East: the travels of Bertrandon de la Brocquière to Jerusalem and Constantinople. Translated by Johnes, Thomas. London New York Oxford New Delhi Sydney: I.B. Tauris. p. 92. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-83860-794-4</bdi>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-HüttAbdul-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HüttAbdul_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HüttAbdul_35-1">b</a> Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 151

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<li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGotthard_Deutsch_and_M._Franco1903" class="citation book cs1">Gotthard Deutsch and M. Franco (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/8497-jaffa">"Jaffa"</a>. Jewish Encyclopedia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201081817/http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/8497-jaffa">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 21 May 2017.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFJoannes_Cotovicus1619" class="citation book cs1">Joannes Cotovicus (1619). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/A091230">Itinerarium Hierosolymitanum et Syriacum</a>. Antwerp: apud Hieronymum Verdussium. p. 135.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Thomson, 1859, vol 2, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/landandbookorbi08thomgoog#page/n287/mode/1up">275</a>

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<li id="cite_note-Moit-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moit_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moit_39-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFJacques-François_Miot1814" class="citation book cs1">Jacques-François Miot (1814). Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire des expéditions en Égypte et en Syrie.</cite>, quoted in <cite id="CITEREFVéronique_Nahoum-Grappe2002" class="citation journal cs1">Véronique Nahoum-Grappe (2002). "The anthropology of extreme violence: the crime of desecration". International Social Science Journal. 54 (174): 549–557. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1468-2451.00409">10.1111/1468-2451.00409</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Jaffa: a City in Evolution Ruth Kark, Yad Yitzhak Ben-Zvi, Jerusalem, 1990, pp. 8–9

</li>

<li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Thomson, page 515.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/44144106/Digitalization-Project-of-Montefiore-Censuses-19th-century">The digitalization project of the 19th century censuses in Eretz Israel done under the auspices of Sir Moses Montefiore</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121108072634/http://www.scribd.com/doc/44144106/Digitalization-Project-of-Montefiore-Censuses-19th-century">archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2012, retrieved 31 May 2011</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFFriedman2009" class="citation web cs1">Friedman, Lior (5 April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/features/the-mountain-of-despair-1.273560">"The mountain of despair"</a>. Haaretz.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171003124628/https://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/features/the-mountain-of-despair-1.273560">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2017. Retrieved 25 August 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Ellen Clare Miller, 'Eastern Sketches — notes of scenery, schools and tent life in Syria and Palestine'. Edinburgh: William Oliphant and Company. 1871. Page 97. See also Miller's populations of <a href="Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, <a href="Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, <a href="Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a>, <a href="Nablus" title="Nablus">Nablus</a> and <a href="Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Thompson (above) writing in 1856 has '25 years ago the inhabitants of the city and gardens were about 6000; now there must be 15,000 at least...' Considering the length of time he lived in the area this may be a more accurate count.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oldjaffa.co.il/en/jaffa-historical-survey">Jaffa, an Historical Survey</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180626111354/https://www.oldjaffa.co.il/en/jaffa-historical-survey/">Archived</a> 26 June 2018 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Written with the assistance of Tzvi Shacham, the curator of the Antiquities Museum of Tel Aviv–Jaffa

</li>

<li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRav_Hillel_Rachmani" class="citation web cs1">Rav Hillel Rachmani. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/Rav_Kook.html">"Rabbi Abraham Isaac Kook"</a>. Jewish Virtual Library.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-JCE-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JCE_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JCE_48-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JCE_48-2">c</a> Jaffa: A City in Evolution Ruth Kark, Yad Yitzhak Ben-Zvi, Jerusalem, 1990, pp. 256–257.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Dr Frankl, translated by P. Beaton, 'The Jews in the East'. Volume 1. Hurst and Blackett, London, 1859. Page 345. He adds 'The community is poor, and receives no alms from any quarter.' which resulted in some envy of the 'our bethren' in Jerusalem.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Jaffa: A City in Evolution Ruth Kark, Yad Yitzhak Ben-Zvi, Jerusalem, 1990, pp. 244–246.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Thompson, page 517.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Jaffa: A City in Evolution Ruth Kark, Yad Yitzhak Ben-Zvi, Jerusalem, 1990, p.262.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Miller, page 97: 'The orange gardens are the finest in the East; and during the late winter and early spring, little white sailed vessels from Greece, Constantinople and the islands of the Archipelago, lie in calm weather at a short distance from the coast, waiting to carry away the fruit'.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Jaffa: A City in Evolution Ruth Kark, Yad Yitzhak Ben-Zvi, Jerusalem, 1990, pp. 242.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Thomson p.517: Sidon has best bananas, Jaffa the best pomegranates, oranges of Sidon are more juicy and have richer flavour. Jaffa oranges hang on the trees much later, and will bear shipping to distant regions.'

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Issawip127-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Issawip127_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Issawip127_56-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Issawip127_56-2">c</a> Issawi, 2006, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t2UESIFL0tkC&dq=%22jaffa+orange%22+history&pg=PA127">p. 127</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230715085925/https://books.google.com/books?id=t2UESIFL0tkC&dq=%22jaffa%20orange%22%20history&pg=PA127">Archived</a> 15 July 2023 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.

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<li id="cite_note-Basanp83-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Basanp83_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Basanp83_57-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Basanp83_57-2">c</a> Basan, 2007, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-7wnpIi3VRwC&dq=%22jaffa+orange%22&pg=PA83">p. 83</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230715085925/https://books.google.com/books?id=-7wnpIi3VRwC&dq=%22jaffa+orange%22&pg=PA83">Archived</a> 15 July 2023 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.

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<li id="cite_note-Ladaniyap48-58"><a href="#cite_ref-Ladaniyap48_58-0">^</a> Ladaniya, 2008, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zaOK8bsvENQC&pg=PA48">pp. 48–49</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240918014849/https://books.google.com/books?id=zaOK8bsvENQC&pg=PA48">Archived</a> 18 September 2024 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.

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<li id="cite_note-Kramerp91-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kramerp91_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kramerp91_59-1">b</a> Krämer, 2008, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofpalesti00krea/page/91">p. 91</a>.

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<li id="cite_note-Gerber1982-60"><a href="#cite_ref-Gerber1982_60-0">^</a> Gerber, 1982.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-LeVinep272-61"><a href="#cite_ref-LeVinep272_61-0">^</a> LeVine, 2005, p. 272.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-LeVinep34-62"><a href="#cite_ref-LeVinep34_62-0">^</a> LeVine, 2005, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pG8LmsJAUPcC&q=%22jaffa+orange%22">p. 34</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230715085926/https://books.google.com/books?id=pG8LmsJAUPcC&q=%22jaffa+orange%22">Archived</a> 15 July 2023 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.

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<li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Friedman, Isaiah (1971). "German Intervention on Behalf of the "Yishuv"", 1917, Jewish Social Studies, Vol. 33, pp. 23–43.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Census1922-64"><a href="#cite_ref-Census1922_64-0">^</a> Barron, 1923, p.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/PalestineCensus1922/Palestine%20Census%20%281922%29#page/n8/mode/1up">6</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Census1931-65"><a href="#cite_ref-Census1931_65-0">^</a> Mills, 1932, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas">13</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Report of the Commission of Inquiry into the disturbances in the British Mandate of Palestine in May 1921, with correspondence relating thereto (Disturbances), 1921, Cmd. 1540, p. 60.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHonig2009" class="citation web cs1">Honig, Sarah (30 April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sarahhonig.com/2009/04/30/another-tack-the-may-day-massacre-of-1921/">"Another Tack: The May Day Massacre of 1921"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240918014746/https://sarahhonig.com/2009/04/30/another-tack-the-may-day-massacre-of-1921/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2024. Retrieved 28 August 2011.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Ronen Shamir (2013) Current Flow: The Electrification of Palestine. Stanford: Stanford University Press

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<li id="cite_note-VitonArabsKill-69"><a href="#cite_ref-VitonArabsKill_69-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFViton1936" class="citation news cs1">Viton, Albert (3 June 1936). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenation.com/article/why-arabs-kill-jews/">"Why Arabs Kill Jews"</a>. <a href="The_Nation" title="The Nation">The Nation</a>. Retrieved 24 August 2016.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-LTBI-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LTBI_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LTBI_70-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LTBI_70-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LTBI_70-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LTBI_70-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LTBI_70-5">f</a> The Land That Become Israel: Studies in Historical Geography, ed. Ruth Kark, Yale University Press & Magnes Press, 1989, "Aerial Perspectives of Past Landscapes," Dov Gavish, pp. 316–317

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<li id="cite_note-Hughes-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hughes_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hughes_71-1">b</a> Matthew Hughes, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/31008337_The_Banality_of_Brutality_British_Armed_Forces_and_the_Repression_of_the_Arab_Revolt_in_Palestine_1936-39">'The Banality of Brutality: British Armed Forces and the Repression of the Arab Revolt in Palestine, 1936 – 39'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210828013424/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/31008337_The_Banality_of_Brutality_British_Armed_Forces_and_the_Repression_of_the_Arab_Revolt_in_Palestine_1936-39">Archived</a> 28 August 2021 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="English_Historical_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="English Historical Review">English Historical Review</a> Vol. CXXIV No. 507 pp.323–354 pp.322.323.

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<li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Matthew Hughes, Britain’s Pacification of Palestine: The British Army, the Colonial State, and the Arab Revolt, 1936– 1939, <a href="Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>2019 p.36.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220803234548/https://unispal.un.org/pdfs/Cmd5479.pdf">Peel Report</a>, quote: "Jaffa is an essentially Arab town in which the Jewish minority has recently been dwindling. We suggest that it should form part of the Arab State. The question of its communication with the latter presents no difficulty, since transit through the Jaffa-Jerusalem Corridor would be open to all. The Corridor, on the other hand, requires its own access to the sea, and for this purpose a narrow belt of land should be acquired and cleared on the north and south sides of the town. This would also solve the problem, sometimes said to be insoluble, created by the contiguity of Jaffa with Tel Aviv to the north and the nascent Jewish town [Bat Yam] to the south. If necessary, Mandatory police could be stationed on this belt. This arrangement may seem artificial, but it is clearly practicable."

</li>

<li id="cite_note-1945p27-74"><a href="#cite_ref-1945p27_74-0">^</a> Department of Statistics, 1945, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/VSpages/VS1945_p27.jpg">27</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200407063224/http://users.cecs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/VSpages/VS1945_p27.jpg">Archived</a> 7 April 2020 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>

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<li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/hbkr/1945/07/13/01/article/83/">"⁨שכונות יפו חוזרות ודורשות: סיפוח! העבודות בשכונה נמסרות ,למציע הזול ביותר" ⁩ | ⁨הבקר⁩ | 13 יולי 1945 | אוסף העיתונות | הספרייה הלאומית"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240918014748/https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/hbkr/1945/07/13/01/article/83/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2024. Retrieved 25 January 2023.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/hbkr/1947/04/10/01/article/80/">"⁨סיפוח מהיר לתל־אביב תובעים תושבי שני יפו ⁩ | ⁨הבקר⁩ | 10 אפריל 1947 | אוסף העיתונות | הספרייה הלאומית"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240918014928/https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/hbkr/1947/04/10/01/article/80/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2024. Retrieved 30 January 2023.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/haretz/1943/08/05/01/article/28/">"⁨השכונות היהודיות של יפו דורשות סיפוח מידי לתל־אביב ⁩ | ⁨הארץ⁩ | 5 אוגוסט 1943 | אוסף העיתונות | הספרייה הלאומית"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230303125430/https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/haretz/1943/08/05/01/article/28/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2023. Retrieved 30 January 2023.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130416002129/http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/5ba47a5c6cef541b802563e000493b8c/7f0af2bd897689b785256c330061d253">A/RES/181(II)(A+B), Resolution 181 (II). Future government of Palestine (UN Partition Plan details)</a>, United Nations General Assembly, 29 November 1947, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/5ba47a5c6cef541b802563e000493b8c/7f0af2bd897689b785256c330061d253">the original</a> on 16 April 2013, <q>The area of the Arab enclave of Jaffa consists of that part of the town-planning area of Jaffa which lies to the west of the Jewish quarters lying south of Tel-Aviv, to the west of the continuation of Herzl street up to its junction with the Jaffa-Jerusalem road, to the south-west of the section of the Jaffa-Jerusalem road lying south-east of that junction, to the west of Miqve Israel lands, to the north-west of Holon local council area, to the north of the line linking up the north-west corner of Holon with the north-east corner of Bat Yam local council area and to the north of Bat Yam local council area. The question of Karton quarter will be decided by the Boundary Commission, bearing in mind among other considerations the desirability of including the smallest possible number of its Arab inhabitants and the largest possible number of its Jewish inhabitants in the Jewish State.</q></cite>

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<li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGolan2012" class="citation journal cs1">Golan, Arnon (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41721193">"The Battle for Jaffa, 1948"</a>. Middle Eastern Studies. 48 (6): 997–1011. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00263206.2012.734501">10.1080/00263206.2012.734501</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-3206">0026-3206</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41721193">41721193</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240311012228/https://www.jstor.org/stable/41721193">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2024. Retrieved 13 May 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRadai2011" class="citation journal cs1">Radai, Itamar (March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233447206">"Jaffa, 1948: The fall of a city"</a>. Journal of Israeli History. 30 (1): 23–43. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13531042.2011.553064">10.1080/13531042.2011.553064</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFJoseph1960" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Dov_Yosef" title="Dov Yosef">Joseph, Dov</a> (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thefaithfulcity0000unse/page/24/mode/2up">The faithful city: the siege of Jerusalem, 1948</a>. Simon and Schuster. p. 24. <a href="LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/60-10976">60-10976</a>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/266413">266413</a>. <q>In an exchange of letters between Mayor Yisrael Rokach of Tel Aviv and Mayor Youssef Haikal of Jaffa, both agreed to call upon the residents to maintain peace and quiet.</q></cite>

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<li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> 'A survey of Palestine', printed 1946–1947. Reprinted ISP, Washington, 1991 <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-88728-211-3</bdi>. Page 474: Exports of citrus fruit total value in Palestine Pounds, 1938/39 = P£4,355,853. 1944/45 = P£1,474,854. Ironically, due to the Nazi conquest of the <a href="Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, Tel Aviv's trade in polished diamonds had increased over three-fold to P£3,235,117. Page 476

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<li id="cite_note-Morris2004p114-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Morris2004p114_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morris2004p114_83-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morris2004p114_83-2">c</a> <cite id="CITEREFBenny_Morris2004" class="citation book cs1">Benny Morris (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA115">The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 115–. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-521-00967-6</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240918015816/https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA115#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2024. Retrieved 1 July 2015. <q>(p. 114) And rifts among the Jaffa Arabs from the beginning subverted all efforts at peacemaking. In February, Ben-Gurion wrote to Shertok that Heikal, through a British intermediary, was trying to secure an agreement with Tel Aviv but that the new irregulars' commander, 'Abdul Wahab 'Ali Shihaini, had blocked him. .... According to Ben-Gurion, Shihaini had answered: 'I do not mind [the] destruction [of] Jaffa if we secure [the] destruction [of] Tel Aviv.' As in Haifa, the irregulars intimidated the local population, echoing the experience of 1936–1939. [...] 'The inhabitants were more afraid of their defenders-saviours than of the Jews their enemies', wrote <a href="Nimr_al_Khatib" class="mw-redirect" title="Nimr al Khatib">Nimr al Khatib</a>. (p. 115) But Arab notables, through British intermediaries, continued to press for a wider citrus agreement. ... In the end, a formal agreement was never concluded. But neither was a complete blockade imposed on Jaffa, and the bilateral orange-picking and -exporting continued largely unhampered.</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Pritzke, Herbert (1956). Bedouin Doctor — The adventures of a German in the Middle East. Translated by Richard Graves. Weidenfeld and Nicolson (1957), copyright Ullstein and Co, Vienna (1956). Page 149: "At that time the Arab Brigade in Jaffa consisted of seven Germans, one hundred and fifty Jugoslavs, thirty Egyptians and two hundred Lebanese and Syrians. There were very few Arabs among them as these preferred irregular warfare with the National Guard ..."

</li>

<li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRadai2016" class="citation book cs1">Radai, Itamar (2016). Palestinians in Jerusalem and Jaffa, 1948. Routledge. p. 140.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Khalidi, Walid. Before Their Diaspora: A Photographic History of the Palestinians, 1876-1948. Washington, D.C.: Institute for Palestine Studies, 1991, 324.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris198747-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris198747_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorris1987">Morris 1987</a>, p. 47.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris198795-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris198795_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris198795_88-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorris1987">Morris 1987</a>, p. 95.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Menachem Begin, 'The Revolt — story of the Irgun'. Translated by Samuel Katz. Hadar Publishing, Tel Aviv. 1964. pp. 355–371.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1987100-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1987100_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1987100_90-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorris1987">Morris 1987</a>, p. 100.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.izkor.gov.il/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95-%D7%90%D7%93%D7%99%20%D7%98%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%A8/en_5d5ed699cd3ff5f16d392bda8c0731c9">"טוראי אליהו-אדי טמלר"</a> [Private Eliyahu-Edi Tamler]. Yazkor (in Hebrew). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240218224622/https://www.izkor.gov.il/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95-%D7%90%D7%93%D7%99%20%D7%98%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%A8/en_5d5ed699cd3ff5f16d392bda8c0731c9">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2024. Retrieved 7 September 2024.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFEugene_Rogan2012" class="citation book cs1">Eugene Rogan (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LILdBDrm-ksC&q=eugene+rogan+history+of+arabs">The Arabs: A History – Third Edition</a>. Penguin. p. 331. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780718196837</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230409193217/https://books.google.com/books?id=LILdBDrm-ksC&q=eugene+rogan+history+of+arabs">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2023. Retrieved 31 December 2022.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Begin, page 363.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1987101-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1987101_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorris1987">Morris 1987</a>, p. 101, "On 18 May Ben-Gurion visited the conquered city for the first time and commented:"I couldn't understand: Why did the inhabitants of Jaffa leave?"

</li>

<li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Jon Kimche, 'Seven Falen Pillars; The Middle East, 1915–1950'. Secker and Warburg, London. 1950. Page 224 :'the orgy of looting and wanton destruction which hangs like a black pall over almost all the Jewish military successes.'

</li>

<li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFKarpel2008" class="citation news cs1">Karpel, Dalia (14 February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090325111844/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/952270.html">"Wellsprings of memory"</a>. Haaretz. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/952270.html">the original</a> on 25 March 2009.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <a href="Yoav_Gelber" title="Yoav Gelber">Yoav Gelber</a>, Independence Versus Nakba; Kinneret–Zmora-Bitan–Dvir Publishing, 2004, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>965-517-190-6</bdi>, p.104

</li>

<li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGoldhaberSchnell2007" class="citation journal cs1">Goldhaber, Ravit; Schnell, Izhak (2007). "A Model of Multidimensional Segregation in the Arab Ghetto in Tel Aviv-Jaffa". Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie. 98 (5): 603–620. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-9663.2007.00428.x">10.1111/j.1467-9663.2007.00428.x</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-ytlv1950-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ytlv1950_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ytlv1950_99-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ytlv1950_99-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ytlv1950_99-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ytlv1950_99-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ytlv1950_99-5">f</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/ytlv/1950/09/16/01/article/8/">"⁨§ייפ1חח חרשםי של יפו לתל־אביב ⁩ | ⁨ידיעות עירית תל אביב⁩ | 16 ספטמבר 1950 | אוסף העיתונות | הספרייה הלאומית"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230522171911/https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/ytlv/1950/09/16/01/article/8">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2023. Retrieved 18 January 2023.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Golan1995-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Golan1995_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Golan1995_100-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Golan1995_100-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Golan1995_100-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Golan1995_100-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Golan1995_100-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Golan1995_100-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Golan1995_100-7">h</a> Arnon Golan (1995), The demarcation of Tel Aviv–Yafo's municipal boundaries, Planning Perspectives, vol. 10, pp. 383–398.

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<li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/haretz/1950/06/14/01/article/50/">"⁨סיפוח יפו לת"־חוק א ⁩ | ⁨הארץ⁩ | 14 יוני 1950 | אוסף העיתונות | הספרייה הלאומית"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230127132048/https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/haretz/1950/06/14/01/article/50/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2023. Retrieved 12 January 2023.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/hzh/1950/02/13/01/article/19/">"⁨ממון התקציב דוחה את סיפוח יפו לת"א ⁩ | ⁨הצפה⁩ | 13 פברואר 1950 | אוסף העיתונות | הספרייה הלאומית"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230127132053/https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/hzh/1950/02/13/01/article/19/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2023. Retrieved 12 January 2023.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/hzh/1949/10/05/01/article/15/">"⁨‭fliiiwR'^ ,; ל _w וול ‭_! 1 _! _^ , ⁩ | ⁨הצפה⁩ | 5 אוקטובר 1949 | אוסף העיתונות | הספרייה הלאומית"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230101155220/https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/hzh/1949/10/05/01/article/15/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2023.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/ytlv/1949/01/15/01/article/6/">"⁨דו"ת ועדת הגבולות ⁩ | ⁨ידיעות עירית תל אביב⁩ | 15 ינואר 1949 | אוסף העיתונות | הספרייה הלאומית"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221230042211/https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/ytlv/1949/01/15/01/article/6/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2022. Retrieved 30 December 2022.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/haretz/1942/12/28/01/article/1/">"⁨תליאביב גדלה־ ב6300 דונם ⁩ | ⁨הארץ⁩ | 28 דצמבר 1942 | אוסף העיתונות | הספרייה הלאומית"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240918015347/https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/haretz/1942/12/28/01/article/1/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2024. Retrieved 25 January 2023.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/hzh/1943/11/30/01/article/27/">"⁨הוכפל שטחה של תל־_&ביב ⁩ | ⁨הצפה⁩ | 30 נובמבר 1943 | אוסף העיתונות | הספרייה הלאומית"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230125133423/https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/hzh/1943/11/30/01/article/27/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2023. Retrieved 25 January 2023.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/ytlv/1949/12/15/01/article/41/">"⁨שכתות־הספר של תל־אביב ⁩ | ⁨ידיעות עירית תל אביב⁩ | 15 דצמבר 1949 | אוסף העיתונות | הספרייה הלאומית"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230302104733/https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/ytlv/1949/12/15/01/article/41/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2023. Retrieved 25 January 2023.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/ytlv/1951/10/14/01/article/17/">"⁨יפו בשנת תשיא ⁩ | ⁨ידיעות עירית תל אביב⁩ | 14 אוקטובר 1951 | אוסף העיתונות | הספרייה הלאומית"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230108201358/https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/ytlv/1951/10/14/01/article/17">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2023. Retrieved 8 January 2023.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/ahr/1954/09/03/01/article/120/">"⁨Untitled⁩ | ⁨על המשמר⁩ | 3 ספטמבר 1954 | אוסף העיתונות | הספרייה הלאומית"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230108160249/https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/ahr/1954/09/03/01/article/120/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2023. Retrieved 8 January 2023.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLeshem2017" class="citation book cs1">Leshem, Noam (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-csiDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA104">Life after Ruin: The Struggles over Israel's Depopulated Arab Spaces</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781107149472</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221230153034/https://books.google.com/books?id=-csiDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA104">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2022. Retrieved 30 December 2022.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-city_council-148">^ <a href="#cite_ref-city_council_148-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-city_council_148-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-city_council_148-2">c</a> <cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230603222720/https://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/Transparency/DocLib6/%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%90%D7%95%D7%AA%20%D7%94%D7%91%D7%97%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA%20%D7%9C%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%AA%20%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94%20%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%A6%D7%AA%20%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94-%202018.pdf#page-14">"תוצאות%20הבחירות%20לראשות%20העירייה%20ולמועצת%20העירייה-%202018"</a> [Results of the elections for the mayorship of the municipality and for the municipality council, 2018] (PDF). www.tel-aviv.gov.il (in Hebrew). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/Transparency/DocLib6/%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%90%D7%95%D7%AA%20%D7%94%D7%91%D7%97%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA%20%D7%9C%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%AA%20%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94%20%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%A6%D7%AA%20%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94-%202018.pdf#page-14">the original</a> (PDF) on 3 June 2023.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHai2007" class="citation news cs1">Hai, Yigal (28 April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/853180.html">"Protesters rally in Jaffa against move to evict local Arab families"</a>. Haaretz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070429043304/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/853180.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2007. Retrieved 28 April 2007.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hatachana.co.il/en/">"Hatachana – Culture, Entertainment & Leisure"</a>.</cite>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Timeline_of_Jaffa#Bibliography" title="Timeline of Jaffa">Bibliography of the history of Jaffa</a></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFBarron,_J._B.1923" class="citation book cs1">Barron, J. B., ed. (1923). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/PalestineCensus1922">Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922</a>. Government of Palestine.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFBurke2011" class="citation book cs1">Burke, Aaron A. (2011). Early Jaffa: From the Bronze Age to the Persian Period.</cite> In: <cite id="CITEREFPeilstöckerBurke2011" class="citation book cs1">Peilstöcker, Martin; Burke, Aaron A., eds. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/563828">The History and Archaeology of Jaffa 1</a>. Los Angeles: The Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1931745819</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFChelouche2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="Yosef_Eliyahu_Chelouche" title="Yosef Eliyahu Chelouche">Chelouche, Y.E.</a> (2005). Arashat Hayai: 1870–1930 (English: Reminiscences of My Life: 1870–1930) (in Hebrew). Tel Aviv: Babel. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>965-512-096-1</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/62317894">62317894</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFDepartment_of_Statistics1945" class="citation book cs1">Department of Statistics (1945). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.nli.org.il/sites/nli/Hebrew/library/Pages/BookReader.aspx?pid=856390">Village Statistics, April, 1945</a>. Government of Palestine.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHadawi1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Sami_Hadawi" title="Sami Hadawi">Hadawi, S.</a> (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palestineremembered.com/Articles/General-2/Story3150.html">Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine</a>. Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHütterothAbdulfattah1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Wolf-Dieter_H%C3%BCtteroth" title="Wolf-Dieter Hütteroth">Hütteroth, W.-D.</a>; <a href="Kamal_Abdulfattah" title="Kamal Abdulfattah">Abdulfattah, K.</a> (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wqULAAAAIAAJ">Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century</a>. Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>3-920405-41-2</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFLebor2007" class="citation book cs1">Lebor, Adam (2007). City of Oranges. Arabs and Jews in Jaffa. New York: W.W. Norton & Co. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-7475-8602-9</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFLevine2005" class="citation book cs1">Levine, Mark (2005). Overthrowing Geography, Jaffa, Tel Aviv, and the Struggle for Palestine, 1880–1948. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-520-23994-6</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFLe_Strange1890" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Guy_Le_Strange" title="Guy Le Strange">Le Strange, G.</a> (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/palestineundermo00lestuoft">Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500</a>. London: Committee of the <a href="Palestine_Exploration_Fund" title="Palestine Exploration Fund">Palestine Exploration Fund</a>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1004386">1004386</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMills,_E.1932" class="citation book cs1">Mills, E., ed. (1932). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas">Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas</a>. Jerusalem: Government of Palestine.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMorris1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Benny_Morris" title="Benny Morris">Morris, B.</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/birthofpalestini00morr">The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem, 1947–1949</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-521-33028-9</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFPetersen2001" class="citation book cs1">Petersen, Andrew (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/21539664">A Gazetteer of Buildings in Muslim Palestine (British Academy Monographs in Archaeology)</a>. Vol. I. <a href="Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/21539664/Gazetteer_4_D-J">161–175</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-19-727011-0</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFPeilstöckerBurke2011" class="citation book cs1">Peilstöcker, Martin; Burke, Aaron A., eds. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/563828">The History and Archaeology of Jaffa 1</a>. Los Angeles: The Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1931745819</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFŠārôn_Rôṭbard2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Šārôn Rôṭbard, Šārôn (2005). ʻÎr levānā, ʻîr šeḥôrā (English: White City, Black City) (in Hebrew). Tel Aviv: Babel. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-965-512-096-7</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/260080254">260080254</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSegev1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Tom_Segev" title="Tom Segev">Segev, T.</a> (1998). 1949, the First Israelis. New York: Henry Holt. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-8050-5896-6</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFThomson1859" class="citation book cs1"><a href="William_McClure_Thomson" title="William McClure Thomson">Thomson, W.M.</a> (1859). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/landandbookorbi08thomgoog">The Land and the Book: Or, Biblical Illustrations Drawn from the Manners and Customs, the Scenes and Scenery, of the Holy Land</a>. Vol. 2 (1 ed.). New York: Harper & brothers.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFWeill-Rochant2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Weill-Rochant, Catherine (2008). L'atlas de Tel Aviv : 1908–2008 (in French). Paris: CNRS Éditions. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-2-271-06658-9</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFYahav2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Yahav, Dan (2004). Yafo, kalat ha-yam : me-ʻir roshah li-shekhunot ʻoni, degem le-i-shiṿyon merḥavi (in Hebrew). Tel Aviv: Tamouz. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/59707598">59707598</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFYavin2006" class="citation book cs1">Yavin, Shmuel (2006). Bauhaus in Jaffa: Modern Architecture in an Ancient City. Tel Aviv: <a href="Bauhaus_Center_Tel_Aviv" title="Bauhaus Center Tel Aviv">Bauhaus Center Tel Aviv</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>965-90606-2-9</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Jaffa" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Jaffa">Jaffa</a>.</div></div>

</div>

<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Jaffa#Q180294" class="extiw external" title="wikivoyage:Jaffa">Jaffa</a>.</div></div>

</div>

<ul><li>Jaffa in 1880, SWP Map 13: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iaa-archives.org.il/zoom/zoom.aspx?folder_id=93&type_id=6&id=8375">IAA</a>, <a class="external text external" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Survey_of_Western_Palestine_1880.13.jpg">Wikimedia commons</a> Coordinates: East longitude, 34.45; North latitude, 32.3</li>

<li><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nelc.ucla.edu/jaffa">The Jaffa Cultural Heritage Project</a></cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042935/http://www.cafetorah.com/portal/jope-jaffa-yafo">Jaffa Old City Photos in Cafetorah.com</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cafetorah.com/portal/jope-jaffa-yafo">the original</a> on 4 March 2016</cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150328001400/http://www.cafetorah.com/portal/Fotos-de-Tel-Aviv">Telaviv-Jaffa in Cafetorah.com</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cafetorah.com/portal/Fotos-de-Tel-Aviv">the original</a> on 28 March 2015</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFNeff1994" class="citation journal cs1">Neff, Donald (April–May 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washington-report.org/backissues/0494/9404075.htm">"Arab Jaffa seized before Israel's creation in 1948"</a>. Washington Report on Middle East Affairs: 75.</cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=135&letter=J">"JAFFA (Hebr. Yafo; A. V. Joppa; Greek, Joppe; Arabic, Yaffa)"</a>. Jewish Encyclopedia. 1906.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSchaalje2001" class="citation journal cs1">Schaalje, Jacqueline (May 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishmag.com/43mag/jaffa/jaffa.htm">"Jaffa"</a>. The Jewish Magazine.</cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070717131856/http://www.co-ground.com/common/yafo.html">The Old City of Yafo (Travel photos of Old Jaffa and its port)</a>, Common Ground, archived from the original on 17 July 2007</cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090108105053/http://www.myworldshots.com/Israel/Jaffa/Israel-Jaffa-1286.html">"Jaffa"</a>. World Cities Images. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.world-shots.com/world_en146-1286.html">the original</a> on 8 January 2009.</cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080113191112/http://www.3disrael.com/telaviv/Clock_tower.cfm">"Tel Aviv Virtual Tours – Clock Square Jaffa"</a>. 3Disrael.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.3disrael.com/telaviv/Clock_tower.cfm">the original</a> on 13 January 2008. Retrieved 4 January 2008.</cite> (no plugin needed)</li>

<li><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110622071539/http://telaviv4fun.com/jaffa_old_port.html">"Jaffa Old Harbour (photo gallery)"</a>. tel aviv 4 fun. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telaviv4fun.com/jaffa_old_port.html">the original</a> on 22 June 2011. Retrieved 7 January 2009.</cite></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://primo.nli.org.il/primo_library/libweb/action/dlDisplay.do?vid=NLI&docId=NNL_MAPS_JER002653857">Plan of Jaffa, 1:6,000</a>, 1918. Eran Laor Cartographic Collection, The National Library of Israel.</li></ul>

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</style><a class="external text" href="geo:32.05222222222222,34.753055555555555">32°03′08″N 34°45′11″E / 32.05222°N 34.75306°E / 32.05222; 34.75306</a>

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</style><div id="Neighborhoods_of_Tel_Aviv93" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Neighborhoods_of_Tel_Aviv" title="Neighborhoods of Tel Aviv">Neighborhoods of Tel Aviv</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northwest</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Afeka" title="Afeka">Afeka</a></li>

<li><a href="Azorei_Hen" title="Azorei Hen">Azorei Hen</a></li>

<li><a href="Kokhav_HaTzafon" title="Kokhav HaTzafon">Kokhav HaTzafon</a></li>

<li><a href="Migdalei_Ne'eman" title="Migdalei Ne'eman">Migdalei Ne'eman</a></li>

<li><a href="Neve_Avivim" title="Neve Avivim">Neve Avivim</a></li>

<li><a href="Ramat_Aviv" title="Ramat Aviv">Ramat Aviv</a></li>

<li><a href="Ramat_Aviv_Gimel" title="Ramat Aviv Gimel">Ramat Aviv Gimel</a></li>

<li><a href="Ramat_Aviv_HaHadasha" title="Ramat Aviv HaHadasha">Ramat Aviv HaHadasha</a></li>

<li><a href="Tokhnit_Lamed" title="Tokhnit Lamed">Tokhnit Lamed</a></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northeast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Ganei Tzahala</li>

<li><a href="Hadar_Yosef" title="Hadar Yosef">Hadar Yosef</a></li>

<li>HaMishtala</li>

<li><a href="Kiryat_Atidim" title="Kiryat Atidim">Kiryat Atidim</a></li>

<li>Ne'ot Afeka</li>

<li><a href="Neve_Sharret" title="Neve Sharret">Neve Sharret</a></li>

<li><a href="Ramat_HaHayal" title="Ramat HaHayal">Ramat HaHayal</a></li>

<li>Ramot Tzahala</li>

<li>Revivim</li>

<li><a href="Tel_Baruch" title="Tel Baruch">Tel Baruch</a></li>

<li><a href="Tzahala" title="Tzahala">Tzahala</a></li>

<li><a href="Yisgav" title="Yisgav">Yisgav</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Achva%2C_Tel_Aviv" title="Achva, Tel Aviv">Achva</a></li>

<li><a href="Bavli" title="Bavli">Bavli</a></li>

<li>HaRakevet</li>

<li><a href="Kerem_HaTeimanim" title="Kerem HaTeimanim">Kerem HaTeimanim</a></li>

<li><a href="Manshiya" title="Manshiya">Manshiya</a></li>

<li><a href="Montefiore%2C_Tel_Aviv" title="Montefiore, Tel Aviv">Montefiore</a></li>

<li><a href="Nahalat_Binyamin" title="Nahalat Binyamin">Nahalat Binyamin</a></li>

<li><a href="Neve_Shalom%2C_Tel_Aviv" title="Neve Shalom, Tel Aviv">Neve Shalom</a></li>

<li><a href="Neve_Tzedek" title="Neve Tzedek">Neve Tzedek</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ohel_Moshe%2C_Tel_Aviv" title="Ohel Moshe, Tel Aviv">Ohel Moshe</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Old_North_(Tel_Aviv)" title="Old North (Tel Aviv)">Old North</a></li>

<li><a href="Sarona_(colony)" title="Sarona (colony)">Sarona</a></li>

<li>Shabazi</li>

<li><a href="Tzamarot_Ayalon" title="Tzamarot Ayalon">Tzamarot Ayalon</a></li>

<li><a href="Yehuda_HaMaccabi%2C_Tel_Aviv" title="Yehuda HaMaccabi, Tel Aviv">Yehuda HaMaccabi</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abu_Kabir" title="Abu Kabir">Abu Kabir</a></li>

<li><a href="Ajami%2C_Jaffa" title="Ajami, Jaffa">Ajami</a></li>

<li><a href="Giv'at_Aliyah" title="Giv'at Aliyah">Giv'at Aliyah</a></li>

<li><a href="Giv'at_Herzl" title="Giv'at Herzl">Giv'at Herzl</a></li>

<li>Giv'at HaTmarim</li>

<li><a href="Old_Jaffa" title="Old Jaffa">Old Jaffa</a></li>

<li><a href="Tzahalon" title="Tzahalon">Tzahalon</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="American%E2%80%93German_Colony" title="American–German Colony">American–German Colony</a></li>

<li><a href="Florentin%2C_Tel_Aviv" title="Florentin, Tel Aviv">Florentin</a></li>

<li>Kiryat Shalom</li>

<li><a href="Shapira%2C_Tel_Aviv" title="Shapira, Tel Aviv">Shapira</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Bitzaron</li>

<li>HaArgazim</li>

<li><a href="Hatikva_Quarter" title="Hatikva Quarter">HaTikva</a></li>

<li><a href="Kfar_Shalem" title="Kfar Shalem">Kfar Shalem</a></li>

<li><a href="Nahalat_Yitzhak" title="Nahalat Yitzhak">Nahalat Yitzhak</a></li>

<li><a href="Neve_Barbur" title="Neve Barbur">Neve Barbur</a></li>

<li><a href="Neve_Tzahal" title="Neve Tzahal">Neve Tzahal</a></li>

<li>Ramat HaTayasim</li>

<li>Ramat Yisrael</li>

<li><a href="Yad_Eliyahu" title="Yad Eliyahu">Yad Eliyahu</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Towns_and_fortresses_destroyed_during_the_First_Jewish–Roman_War_by_region136" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: #C0A0F0"><div id="Towns_and_fortresses_destroyed_during_the_First_Jewish–Roman_War_by_region136" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Towns and fortresses destroyed during the <a href="First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">First Jewish–Roman War</a> by region</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #C0A0F0;width:1%"><a href="Judea" title="Judea">Judaea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Antipatris#History" title="Antipatris">Aphek</a></li>

<li><a href="Bayt_Nattif" title="Bayt Nattif">Bayt Lettif</a></li>

<li>Bir ed-Duwali</li>

<li><a href="Caphethra" class="mw-redirect" title="Caphethra">Caphethra</a></li>

<li><a href="Gerasa_(Judaea)" title="Gerasa (Judaea)">Gerasa</a></li>

<li><a href="Hebron" title="Hebron">Hebron</a></li>

<li><a href="Herodium" title="Herodium">Herodium</a></li>

<li><a href="Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li>

<li><a href="Lod" title="Lod">Lydda</a></li>

<li><a href="Masada" title="Masada">Masada</a></li>

<li><a href="Horvat_Mazad" title="Horvat Mazad">Mazad</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #C0A0F0;width:1%"><a href="Perea" title="Perea">Perea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Beth-nimrah" class="mw-redirect" title="Beth-nimrah">Beth-nimrah</a></li>

<li><a href="Livias" title="Livias">Livias</a></li>

<li><a href="Machaerus" title="Machaerus">Machaerus</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #C0A0F0;width:1%"><a href="Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bersabe" title="Bersabe">Bersabe</a></li>

<li><a href="Cabul" title="Cabul">Cabul</a></li>

<li><a href="Arraba%2C_Israel" title="Arraba, Israel">Gabara</a></li>

<li><a href="Jish" title="Jish">Gush Halav</a></li>

<li><a href="Jamnith" title="Jamnith">Jamnith</a></li>

<li><a href="Yafa_an-Naseriyye" title="Yafa an-Naseriyye">Japha</a></li>

<li><a href="Yodfat" title="Yodfat">Jodapatha</a></li>

<li><a href="Selamin" title="Selamin">Selamin</a></li>

<li><a href="Tarichaea" title="Tarichaea">Tarichaea</a> (<a href="Magdala" title="Magdala">Magdala</a>)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #C0A0F0;width:1%"><a href="Golan" title="Golan">Golan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Gamla" title="Gamla">Gamla</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #C0A0F0;width:1%"><a href="Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alexandrium" title="Alexandrium">Alexandrium</a></li>

<li><a href="Thamna_(Samaria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thamna (Samaria)">Thamna</a> (<a href="Khirbet_Tibnah" title="Khirbet Tibnah">Khirbet Tibnah</a>)</li>

<li>Narbata</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Crusader_sites852" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Crusader_sites852" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusader</a> <a href="List_of_Crusader_castles" title="List of Crusader castles">sites</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Sorted_by_modern_states,_with_crusader_names_in_parentheses_()145">Sorted by modern states, with crusader names in parentheses ()</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Benedictine_monastery_in_Abu_Ghosh" title="Benedictine monastery in Abu Ghosh">Abu Ghosh</a> (Fontenoid) </li>

<li><a href="Achziv" title="Achziv">Achziv</a> (Casal Imbertia) <a href="Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"></a> </li>

<li><a href="Acre%2C_Israel#Knights'_Halls" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a> (Saint Jean d'Acre) <a href="Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"></a> </li>

<li><a href="Apollonia%E2%80%93Arsuf" title="Apollonia–Arsuf">Apollonia–Arsuf</a> (Arsur) <a href="Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"></a> </li>

<li><a href="Ascalon" title="Ascalon">Ascalon</a> <a href="Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"></a></li>

<li><a href="Chastelet" title="Chastelet">Ateret Fortress</a> (<a href="Siege_of_Jacob's_Ford" title="Siege of Jacob's Ford">siege</a>) <a href="Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"></a> </li>

<li><a href="Yazur" title="Yazur">Yazur</a></li>

<li><a href="Bayt_'Itab" title="Bayt 'Itab">Bayt 'Itab</a> (Bethaatap) </li>

<li><a href="Bayt_Jibrin" title="Bayt Jibrin">Bayt Jibrin</a> (Beth Gibelin) <a href="Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"></a> </li>

<li><a href="Beit_She'an" title="Beit She'an">Beit She'an</a> (Bethsan) </li>

<li><a href="Belvoir_Castle_(Israel)" title="Belvoir Castle (Israel)">Belvoir Fortress</a> </li>

<li><a href="Burgata" title="Burgata">Burgata</a> </li>

<li><a href="Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea Maritima</a> <a href="Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"></a></li>

<li><a href="Cafarlet" title="Cafarlet">Cafarlet</a> </li>

<li><a href="Ch%C3%A2teau_P%C3%A8lerin" title="Château Pèlerin">Château Pèlerin</a> </li>

<li><a href="Le_Destroit" title="Le Destroit">Destroit</a> <a href="Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"></a> </li>

<li><a href="Al-Burj%2C_Ramle" title="Al-Burj, Ramle">Castle Arnold</a></li>

<li><a href="Ein_Hemed" title="Ein Hemed">Ein Hemed</a> <a href="Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"></a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_Jerusalem_during_the_Crusader_period" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jerusalem during the Crusader period">Jerusalem</a> <a href="Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"></a> </li>

<li><a href="Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a> (Caypha) <a href="Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"></a></li>

<li><a href="Latrun" title="Latrun">Latrun</a> (Toron) </li>

<li><a href="Hunin" title="Hunin">Hunin</a> (Château Neuf)</li>

<li><a href="Mi'ilya" title="Mi'ilya">Mi'ilya</a> (Castellum Regis) <a href="Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"></a> </li>

<li><a href="Migdal_Afek" title="Migdal Afek">Migdal Afek</a> (Mirabel)</li>

<li><a href="Montfort_Castle" title="Montfort Castle">Montfort</a> <a href="Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"></a> </li>

<li><a href="Qalansawe" title="Qalansawe">Qalansawe</a> (Calanson) <a href="Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"></a> </li>

<li><a href="Qaqun" title="Qaqun">Qaqun</a> (Caco)</li>

<li><a href="Al-Qastal%2C_Jerusalem" title="Al-Qastal, Jerusalem">Qastal</a> (Beauverium)</li>

<li><a href="Safed" title="Safed">Safed</a> (Saphet) <a href="Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"></a> </li>

<li><a href="Taibe%2C_Galilee" title="Taibe, Galilee">Taibe</a> </li>

<li><a href="Tel_Hanaton" title="Tel Hanaton">Tel Hanaton</a></li>

<li><a href="Tell_es-Safi" title="Tell es-Safi">Tell es-Safi</a> (Blanche Garde) <a href="Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"></a></li>

<li><a href="Tel_Tanninim" title="Tel Tanninim">Tel Tanninim (Torin Selin)</a> <a href="Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"></a></li>

<li><a href="Suba%2C_Jerusalem" title="Suba, Jerusalem">Suba</a> (Belmont) <a href="Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"></a></li>

<li><a href="Tel_Yokneam" title="Tel Yokneam">Tel Yokneam</a> (Caymont) </li>

<li><a href="Yibna" title="Yibna">Yavne</a> (Ibelin) <a href="Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"></a></li>

<li><a href="Tiberias" title="Tiberias">Tiberias</a> <a href="Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"></a></li>

<li><a href="Sepphoris" title="Sepphoris">Sepphoris</a> (La Sephorie) <a href="Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"></a></li>

<li><a href="Umm_Khalid" title="Umm Khalid">Umm Khalid</a> <a href="Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"></a></li>

<li><a href="Khirbat_Jiddin" title="Khirbat Jiddin">Khirbat Jiddin</a> (Judin) </li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ajloun_Castle" title="Ajloun Castle">Ajloun Castle</a> </li>

<li><a href="Kerak_Castle" title="Kerak Castle">Kerak Castle</a> </li>

<li><a href="Montreal_(castle)" title="Montreal (castle)">Montreal</a> </li>

<li><a href="Tafilah" title="Tafilah">Tafilah</a> </li>

<li><a href="Wu'ayra_Castle" title="Wu'ayra Castle">Vaux Moise</a> </li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Batroun" title="Batroun">Batroun</a> </li>

<li><a href="Beaufort_Castle%2C_Lebanon" title="Beaufort Castle, Lebanon">Beaufort Castle</a> </li>

<li><a href="Beirut_Castle" title="Beirut Castle">Beirut Castle</a> </li>

<li>Belhacem </li>

<li><a href="Byblos_Castle" title="Byblos Castle">Byblos Castle</a> </li>

<li><a href="Citadel_of_Tripoli" title="Citadel of Tripoli">Citadel of Tripoli</a> </li>

<li><a href="Shaqra%2C_Lebanon#Doubay_or_'Qal'at_ad-Dubba" title="Shaqra, Lebanon">Dubay Castle</a></li>

<li><a href="Gibelacar" title="Gibelacar">Gibelacar</a> </li>

<li><a href="Coliath" title="Coliath">Coliath</a> </li>

<li><a href="Deir_Kifa#Castle" title="Deir Kifa">Deir Kifa Castle</a></li>

<li><a href="Hasbaya#The_Citadel" title="Hasbaya">Hasbaya Castle</a></li>

<li>Moinetre </li>

<li><a href="Mseilha_Fort" title="Mseilha Fort">Puy du Connétable, Castrum Constabularii</a></li>

<li><a href="Enfeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Enfeh">Nephin</a> </li>

<li><a href="Saint_Louis_Castle" title="Saint Louis Castle">Saint Louis Castle</a> </li>

<li><a href="Scandelion_Castle" title="Scandelion Castle">Scandelion Castle</a> </li>

<li><a href="Sidon_Sea_Castle" title="Sidon Sea Castle">Sidon Sea Castle</a> </li>

<li><a href="Toron" title="Toron">Toron</a> </li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<dl><dt>Associations</dt>

<dd> <a href="Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Kingdom of Jerusalem</a></dd>

<dd> <a href="County_of_Tripoli" title="County of Tripoli">County of Tripoli</a></dd>

<dd> <a href="Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">Knights Hospitaller</a></dd>

<dd> <a href="Order_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_(Catholic)" title="Order of the Holy Sepulchre (Catholic)">Order of the Holy Sepulchre</a></dd>

<dd> <a href="Knights_Templar" title="Knights Templar">Knights Templar</a></dd>

<dd> <a href="Order_of_Saint_Lazarus" title="Order of Saint Lazarus">Order of Saint Lazarus</a></dd>

<dd> <a href="Teutonic_Order" title="Teutonic Order">Teutonic Order</a></dd></dl>

<ul><li> <a href="Portal%3ACatholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="20px&#124;class=noviewer&#124;Phoenician_Hippos_ship_Phoenician_cities_and_colonies228" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="20px&#124;class=noviewer&#124;Phoenician_Hippos_ship_Phoenician_cities_and_colonies228" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <a href="List_of_Phoenician_cities" title="List of Phoenician cities">Phoenician cities and colonies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Algeria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<dl><dd><a href="Camarata_(Mauretania)" title="Camarata (Mauretania)">Camarata</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Cartennae" title="Cartennae">Cartennae</a> (<a href="T%C3%A9n%C3%A8s" title="Ténès">Tenes</a>)</dd>

<dd><a href="Hippo_Regius" title="Hippo Regius">Hippo Regius</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Icosium" title="Icosium">Icosium</a> (<a href="Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a>)</dd>

<dd><a href="Igilgili" title="Igilgili">Igilgili</a> (<a href="Jijel" title="Jijel">Jijel</a>)</dd>

<dd><a href="Cherchell" title="Cherchell">Iol (Cherchell)</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Iomnium" title="Iomnium">Iomnium</a> (<a href="Tigzirt" title="Tigzirt">Tigzirt</a>)</dd>

<dd><a href="Cirta" title="Cirta">Cirta</a> (<a href="Constantine%2C_Algeria" title="Constantine, Algeria">Constantine</a>)</dd>

<dd><a href="Djinet" title="Djinet">Kissi (Djinet)</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Macomades" title="Macomades">Macomades</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Calama_(Numidia)" title="Calama (Numidia)">Malaca</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Rachgoun" title="Rachgoun">Rachgoun</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Rusazus" title="Rusazus">Rusazus</a> (<a href="Azeffoun" title="Azeffoun">Azeffoun</a>)</dd>

<dd><a href="Tamentfoust" title="Tamentfoust">Rusguniae</a> (<a href="Tamentfoust" title="Tamentfoust">Tamentfoust</a>)</dd>

<dd><a href="Skikda" title="Skikda">Rusicade (Skikda)</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Rusippisir" title="Rusippisir">Rusippisir (Taksebt)</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Rusubbicari" title="Rusubbicari">Rusubbicari</a> (<a href="Zemmouri" title="Zemmouri">Zemmouri</a> El Bahri)</dd>

<dd><a href="Dellys" title="Dellys">Rusuccuru (Dellys)</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Zara%C3%AF" title="Zaraï">Sarai</a> (<a href="A%C3%AFn_Oulmene" title="Aïn Oulmene">Aïn Oulmene</a>)</dd>

<dd><a href="Thagora" title="Thagora">Thagora</a> (<a href="Taoura" title="Taoura">Taoura</a>)</dd>

<dd><a href="Tipasa_in_Mauretania" class="mw-redirect" title="Tipasa in Mauretania">Tipasa in Mauretania</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Tipasa_in_Numidia" title="Tipasa in Numidia">Tipasa in Numidia</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Timici" title="Timici">Timici</a></dd></dl>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cyprus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<dl><dd><a href="Dali%2C_Cyprus" title="Dali, Cyprus">Dhali</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Kition" title="Kition">Kition</a> (<a href="Larnaca" title="Larnaca">Larnaca</a>)</dd>

<dd><a href="Lapathus_(Cyprus)" title="Lapathus (Cyprus)">Lapathus</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Marion%2C_Cyprus" title="Marion, Cyprus">Marion</a></dd></dl>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greece</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<dl><dd><a href="Santorini" title="Santorini">Callista (Santorini)</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a></dd></dl>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Israel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<dl><dd><a href="Tell_Abu_Hawam" title="Tell Abu Hawam">Tell Abu Hawam</a> (<a href="Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a>)</dd>

<dd><a href="Achziv" title="Achziv">Achzib</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Tel_Michal" title="Tel Michal">Michal</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Apollonia-Arsuf" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollonia-Arsuf">Reshef</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Tel_Shikmona" title="Tel Shikmona">Shikmona</a> (<a href="Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a>)</dd>

<dd><a href="Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Strato's Tower (Caesarea)</a></dd></dl>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<dl><dd><a href="Bithia%2C_Italy" title="Bithia, Italy">Bitan</a> (<a href="Chia_(Sardinia)" title="Chia (Sardinia)">Chia</a>)</dd>

<dd><a href="Cefal%C3%B9" title="Cefalù">Cape Melqart (Cefalù)</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Drepana" title="Drepana">Drepanum</a> (<a href="Trapani" title="Trapani">Trapani</a>)</dd>

<dd><a href="Eryx_(Sicily)" title="Eryx (Sicily)">Eryx</a> (<a href="Erice" title="Erice">Erice</a>)</dd>

<dd><a href="Heraclea_Minoa" title="Heraclea Minoa">Heraclea Minoa</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Soluntum" title="Soluntum">Kapara (Soluntum)</a></dd>

<dd><a href="History_of_Cagliari" title="History of Cagliari">Karaly</a> (<a href="Cagliari" title="Cagliari">Cagliari</a>)</dd>

<dd><a href="Marsala" title="Marsala">Lilybaeum</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Motya" title="Motya">Motya</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Neapolis%2C_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Neapolis, Sardinia">Neapolis</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Olbia" title="Olbia">Olbia</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Pantelleria" title="Pantelleria">Pantelleria</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Selinunte" title="Selinunte">Selinunte</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Sulci" title="Sulci">Sulci</a> (<a href="Sant'Antioco" title="Sant'Antioco">Sant'Antioco</a>)</dd>

<dd><a href="Tharros" title="Tharros">Tharros</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Palermo" title="Palermo">Ṣiṣ (Palermo)</a></dd></dl>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lebanon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<dd><a href="Tripoli%2C_Lebanon" title="Tripoli, Lebanon">Athar (Tripoli)</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Baalbek" title="Baalbek">Baalbek</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Berytus" title="Berytus">Birut</a> (<a href="Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>)</dd>

<dd><a href="Batroun" title="Batroun">Botrys (Teros)</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Byblos" title="Byblos">Gebal (Byblos)</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Tell_el-Burak" title="Tell el-Burak">Ornithon (Tell el-Burak)</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Jieh" title="Jieh"> Porphyreon (Jieh)</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Sarepta" title="Sarepta">Sarepta</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Tyre%2C_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Sur (Tyre)</a>, <a href="Ushu" title="Ushu">Ushu (Palaetyrus)</a></dd>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Libya</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<dl><dd><a href="Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna">Lepcis</a> (<a href="Khoms%2C_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="Khoms, Libya">Khoms</a>)</dd>

<dd><a href="Oea" title="Oea">Oyat</a> (<a href="Tripoli%2C_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a>)</dd>

<dd><a href="Sabratha" title="Sabratha">Tsabratan</a></dd></dl>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Malta</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<dl><dd>Maleth (<a href="Cospicua" title="Cospicua">Cospicua</a>)</dd>

<dd><a href="Melite_(ancient_city)" title="Melite (ancient city)">Ann</a> (<a href="Mdina" title="Mdina">Mdina</a>)</dd>

<dd><a href="Gozo" title="Gozo">Gaulos (Gozo)</a></dd>

<dd>Għajn Qajjet</dd>

<dd><a href="Mtarfa" title="Mtarfa">Mtarfa</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Ras_il-Wardija" title="Ras il-Wardija">Ras il-Wardija</a></dd>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Morocco</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<dl><dd><a href="Azemmour" title="Azemmour">Azama (Azemmour)</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Essaouira" title="Essaouira">Arambys (Mogador)</a></dd>

<dd>Caricus Murus</dd>

<dd><a href="Ksar_es-Seghir" title="Ksar es-Seghir">Heq she Elisha (Ksar es-Seghir)</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Lixus_(ancient_city)" title="Lixus (ancient city)">Likush</a> (<a href="Larache" title="Larache">Larache</a>)</dd>

<dd><a href="Chellah" title="Chellah">Shalat (Chellah)</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Tamusida" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamusida">Tamusida</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Tingis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tingis">Tinga</a> (<a href="Tangier" title="Tangier">Tangier</a>)</dd>

<dd><a href="Anfa" title="Anfa">Anfa</a> (<a href="Casablanca" title="Casablanca">Casablanca</a>)</dd>

<dd><a href="Volubilis" title="Volubilis">Volubilis</a> 1</dd>

<dd><a href="Mogador_Island" title="Mogador Island">Mogador</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Rusadir" title="Rusadir">Rusadir</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Oualidia" title="Oualidia">Oualidia</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Iulia_Constantia_Zilil" title="Iulia Constantia Zilil">Zilil</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Agadir" title="Agadir">Gadir</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Thymiaterium" title="Thymiaterium">Thymiaterium</a></dd>

<dd><a href="El_Jadida" title="El Jadida">Rusibis</a></dd></dl>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<dl><dd><a href="Portim%C3%A3o" title="Portimão">Portus Hannibalis</a></dd>

<dd>Portus Magonis (Portimão)</dd>

<dd><a href="Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Olissipona (Lisbon)</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Faro%2C_Portugal" title="Faro, Portugal">Ossonoba (Faro)</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Balsa_(Roman_town)" title="Balsa (Roman town)">Balsa</a> (<a href="Tavira" title="Tavira">Tavira</a>)</dd></dl>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<dl><dd><a href="Abdera%2C_Spain" title="Abdera, Spain">Abdera</a> (<a href="Adra%2C_Spain" title="Adra, Spain">Adra</a>)</dd>

<dd><a href="Abyla" title="Abyla">Abyla</a> (<a href="Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a>)</dd>

<dd><a href="Lucentum" title="Lucentum">Akra Leuka</a> (<a href="Alicante" title="Alicante">Alicante</a>)</dd>

<dd><a href="C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz">Gadir (Cadiz)</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Guardamar_del_Segura" title="Guardamar del Segura">Herna</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Sa_Caleta_Phoenician_Settlement" title="Sa Caleta Phoenician Settlement">Iboshim</a> (<a href="Ibiza" title="Ibiza">Ibiza</a>)</dd>

<dd><a href="Mah%C3%B3n" title="Mahón">Mahón</a></dd>

<dd><a href="History_of_M%C3%A1laga" title="History of Málaga">Malake</a> (<a href="M%C3%A1laga" title="Málaga">Málaga</a>)</dd>

<dd><a href="Huelva" title="Huelva">Onoba</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Cartagena%2C_Spain" title="Cartagena, Spain">Carthage (Cartagena)</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Rusadir" title="Rusadir">Rushadir</a> (<a href="Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a>)</dd>

<dd><a href="Saguntum" class="mw-redirect" title="Saguntum">Saguntum</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Sexi_(Phoenician_colony)" title="Sexi (Phoenician colony)">Sexi</a> (<a href="Almunecar" class="mw-redirect" title="Almunecar">Almunecar</a>)</dd>

<dd><a href="T%C3%ADjola" title="Tíjola">Tagilit (Tíjola)</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Los_Toscanos" title="Los Toscanos">Toscanos</a> (<a href="V%C3%A9lez-M%C3%A1laga" title="Vélez-Málaga">Velez</a>)</dd>

<dd><a href="Peniscola" title="Peniscola">Tyreche</a></dd></dl>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Syria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<dl><dd><a href="Arwad" title="Arwad">Arwad</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Amrit" title="Amrit">Marat (Amrit)</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Baniyas" title="Baniyas">Balanaea (Baniyas)</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Carne%2C_Phoenicia" title="Carne, Phoenicia">Carne</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Paltus" title="Paltus">Paltus</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Safita" title="Safita">Safita</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Tell_Sukas" title="Tell Sukas">Shuksi</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Tell_Kazel" title="Tell Kazel">Sumur</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a></dd></dl>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tunisia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<dl><dd><a href="Kelibia" title="Kelibia">Aspis (Kelibia)</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Bulla_Regia" title="Bulla Regia">Bulla Regia</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthage</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Hadrumetum" title="Hadrumetum">Hadrumetum</a> (<a href="Sousse" title="Sousse">Sousse</a>)</dd>

<dd><a href="Bizerte" title="Bizerte">Hippo Diarrhytus (Bizerte)</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Kerkouane" title="Kerkouane">Kerkouane</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Leptis_Parva" title="Leptis Parva">Lepcis</a> (<a href="Monastir%2C_Tunisia" title="Monastir, Tunisia">Monastir</a>)</dd>

<dd><a href="Maqom_Hadesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Maqom Hadesh">Maqom Hadesh (Ounga)</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Meninx_(town)" title="Meninx (town)">Meninx</a> (<a href="Djerba" title="Djerba">Djerba</a>)</dd>

<dd><a href="Ruspe" title="Ruspe">Ruspe</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Ruspina" title="Ruspina">Ruspina</a></dd>

<dd><a href="El_Kef" title="El Kef">Sicca (El Kef)</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Tabarka" title="Tabarka">Tabarka</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Thenae" title="Thenae">Tayinat</a> (<a href="Thyna" title="Thyna">Thyna</a>)</dd>

<dd><a href="Thapsus" title="Thapsus">Thapsus</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Thysdrus" title="Thysdrus">Thysdrus</a> (<a href="El_Djem" title="El Djem">El Djem</a>)</dd>

<dd><a href="Utica%2C_Tunisia" title="Utica, Tunisia">Utica</a></dd></dl>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<dl><dd><a href="Myriandus" title="Myriandus">Myriandus</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Finike" title="Finike">Phoenicus</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Tahpanhes" title="Tahpanhes">Tahpanhes</a></dd></dl>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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